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Pharmacology > Carbohydrates Biochemistry > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of GI conditions?

A 
Ulcerative colitis
Diarrhoea 
Constipation 
Crohn's disease
Lactose intolerance
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2
Q

What are common IBS symptoms?

A 
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Looser or more frequent stool
Mixed bowel habits
Mucus in bowel movements
Feeling incomplete bowel movements
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3
Q

What is a trigger?

A

Agents/episodes that initiate an episode of worsening disease

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4
Q

What are examples of triggers?

A

Food, alcohol + stress

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5
Q

Why are foods with high levels of sugar bad for people with IBS?

A

Ferment in lower GI tract

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6
Q

What is FODMAP?

A 
Fermentable
Oligosaccharide
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
And
Polyols
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7
Q

What may FODMAPs do?

A

Draw H2O into small intestine = diarrhoea
Mag go into large intestine undigested
Fermented by bacteria = gas
Compromise gut function

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8
Q

Describe glucose

A

Monosaccharide
Animal + plant
Fundamental energy source
Poly-alcohol

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9
Q

What are the two models of glucose?

A

Fischer - sticks

Haworth - hexagon

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10
Q

WHY does the Fischer model contain more energy?

A

Carbonyl has more potential energy
Added to H2O = cyclise
= mutarotation

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11
Q

What is glucose’s natural form?

A

Cyclic

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12
Q

How do you convert from Fischer model to Haworth model?

A

LOOK IN FILE

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13
Q

Why is cycle glucose’s natural form?

A

Makes it less reactive

= can be stored in leaf or animal cell

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14
Q

Describe starch

A

Single strand with spiral conformation

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15
Q

What is branched chain of starch?

A

Amylopectin

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16
Q

What is the unbranched chain of starch?

A

Amylose

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17
Q

Why can be starch used in surgery?

A

Broken down enzymes

18
Q

What is the source of cellulose?

A

Plant

19
Q

What is the source of amylose?

A

Plant

20
Q

What is the source of amylopectin?

A

Plant

21
Q

What is the source of glycogen?

A

Animal

22
Q

What is the subunit of cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

23
Q

What is the subunit of amylose?

A

Alpha glucose

24
Q

What is the subunit of amylopectin?

A

Alpha glucose

25
Q

What is the subunit of glycogen?

A

Alpha glucose

26
Q

What are the bonds in cellulose?

A

1-4

27
Q

What are the bonds in amylose?

A

1-4

28
Q

What are the bonds in amylopectin?

A

1-4 + 1-6

29
Q

What are the bonds in glycogen?

A

1-4 + 1-6

30
Q

Does cellulose have branches?

A

NO

31
Q

Does amylose have branches?

A

NO

32
Q

Does amylopectin have branches?

A

YES (per 20 subunits)

33
Q

Does glycogen have branches?

A

YES (per 10 subunits)

34
Q

Which sugars can ferment?

A

ONLY monosaccharides or disaccharides

35
Q

What does the fermentation of fructose produce?

A

Mannitol

36
Q

What are problems with mannitol?

A

High osmotic value
= attract gastro fluids towards chemical structure
= diarrhoea

37
Q

Why is mannitol injected into bloodstream?

A

Relieve pressure in brain
Acts as osmotic agent = pulls fluids out of skull
= reduces vol of blood

38
Q

What is mannitol?

A

Polyalcohol

39
Q

What does mannitol do?

A

Dissolves in H2O/bodily fluids = extract energy aq surroundings to assist in dissolution
SEEN as temperature fall (endothermic dissolution)

40
Q

Why are Gentamicin + Digoxin highly soluble?

A

Have polyalcohol groupings or amines = form H bonds

More H bonds = increase drug solubility

41
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Excreted at liver

42
Q

What attaches to morphine to make it more H2O soluble in the liver?

A

UGT enzymes attach glucuronic acid to morphine molecule

Increases no. of OH groups = more H bonds

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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