Carbohydrates Biochemistry Flashcards
What are examples of GI conditions?
Ulcerative colitis Diarrhoea Constipation Crohn's disease Lactose intolerance
What are common IBS symptoms?
Constipation Diarrhoea Looser or more frequent stool Mixed bowel habits Mucus in bowel movements Feeling incomplete bowel movements
What is a trigger?
Agents/episodes that initiate an episode of worsening disease
What are examples of triggers?
Food, alcohol + stress
Why are foods with high levels of sugar bad for people with IBS?
Ferment in lower GI tract
What is FODMAP?
Fermentable Oligosaccharide Disaccharide Monosaccharide And Polyols
What may FODMAPs do?
Draw H2O into small intestine = diarrhoea
Mag go into large intestine undigested
Fermented by bacteria = gas
Compromise gut function
Describe glucose
Monosaccharide
Animal + plant
Fundamental energy source
Poly-alcohol
What are the two models of glucose?
Fischer - sticks
Haworth - hexagon
WHY does the Fischer model contain more energy?
Carbonyl has more potential energy
Added to H2O = cyclise
= mutarotation
What is glucose’s natural form?
Cyclic
How do you convert from Fischer model to Haworth model?
LOOK IN FILE
Why is cycle glucose’s natural form?
Makes it less reactive
= can be stored in leaf or animal cell
Describe starch
Single strand with spiral conformation
What is branched chain of starch?
Amylopectin
What is the unbranched chain of starch?
Amylose
Why can be starch used in surgery?
Broken down enzymes
What is the source of cellulose?
Plant
What is the source of amylose?
Plant
What is the source of amylopectin?
Plant
What is the source of glycogen?
Animal
What is the subunit of cellulose?
Beta glucose
What is the subunit of amylose?
Alpha glucose
What is the subunit of amylopectin?
Alpha glucose
What is the subunit of glycogen?
Alpha glucose
What are the bonds in cellulose?
1-4
What are the bonds in amylose?
1-4
What are the bonds in amylopectin?
1-4 + 1-6
What are the bonds in glycogen?
1-4 + 1-6
Does cellulose have branches?
NO
Does amylose have branches?
NO
Does amylopectin have branches?
YES (per 20 subunits)
Does glycogen have branches?
YES (per 10 subunits)
Which sugars can ferment?
ONLY monosaccharides or disaccharides
What does the fermentation of fructose produce?
Mannitol
What are problems with mannitol?
High osmotic value
= attract gastro fluids towards chemical structure
= diarrhoea
Why is mannitol injected into bloodstream?
Relieve pressure in brain
Acts as osmotic agent = pulls fluids out of skull
= reduces vol of blood
What is mannitol?
Polyalcohol
What does mannitol do?
Dissolves in H2O/bodily fluids = extract energy aq surroundings to assist in dissolution
SEEN as temperature fall (endothermic dissolution)
Why are Gentamicin + Digoxin highly soluble?
Have polyalcohol groupings or amines = form H bonds
More H bonds = increase drug solubility
What is conjugation?
Excreted at liver
What attaches to morphine to make it more H2O soluble in the liver?
UGT enzymes attach glucuronic acid to morphine molecule
Increases no. of OH groups = more H bonds
