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Pharmacology > Ion Channels + Cellular Homeostasis > Flashcards

Ion Channels + Cellular Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic structural + functional unit of living organism

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

Structure made up of group tissues, working together to perform specific functions

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions

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5
Q

What is organism?

A

Living thing performing all 7 life processes

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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Consists of contents of the cell, enclosed within cell membrane
Includes cytosol + organelles

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7
Q

What is cytoplasm mainly composed of?

A

H2O

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8
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

Network of fibres that maintain cell’s shape + give it support

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9
Q

What is nuclear envelop?

A

Double membrane that separates nucleus contents from cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is function of nuclear envelop?

A

Maintains shape of nucleus + regulates in + out of nuclear pores

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11
Q

What is nucleolus?

A

Place where ribosomes synthesised

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12
Q

What is the chromosomal DNA in form of?

A

Chromatin

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13
Q

How is proteins produced at ER?

A 
Ribosomes attached to cytoplasmic side 
mRNA translated into protein
Enters ER lumen
Passes through SER
Post translational modification
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14
Q

What is ER major reserve of?

A

Ca2+

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15
Q

What are the sacs in golgi?

A

Cisternae

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16
Q

What happens in golgi?

A

Molecules move between cisternae by budding
Vesicle formation
Proteins packaged in vesicles + “shipped” to other sacs

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17
Q

What does size of mitochondria depend on?

A

Metabolism required

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18
Q

What does lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes = digest cellular macromolecules

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19
Q

What is lysosomes main function?

A

Degraded newly synthesised proteins

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20
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Intracellular structures + proteins engulfed by lysosomes for degradation

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21
Q

What is structure of centriole?

A

Made up of 9 sets of triplet microtubules

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22
Q

How many centrioles does each cell contain?

A

2

23
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A

In centrosome (near nucleus)

24
Q

What is function of centrioles?

A

Provide framework for membranes of ER + golgi

Important in cell division

25
Q

What is function of physical barrier of plasma membrane?

A

Establishes boundary, protects + supports structure too

26
Q

What is function of selective permeability of plasma membrane?

A

Regulates entry + exit

27
Q

What is function of electrochemical gradient of plasma membrane?

A

Maintains electrical charge difference

28
Q

What is function of communication of plasma membrane?

A

Contains receptors that recognise + respond to molecular signals

29
Q

What does plasma membrane form?

A

Forms lipid bilayer-fluid + dynamic structure with proteins floating through lipid

30
Q

Where are globular proteins embedded?

A

Bilayer

31
Q

Where are helical proteins embedded?

A

Span membrane

32
Q

Where does hydrophilic face?

A

OUTWARDS

33
Q

Where does hydrophobic face?

A

INWARDS

34
Q

What is structural protein?

A

Cell support + shape

35
Q

What is receptor protein?

A

Help communicate with external environment

36
Q

What is channel protein?

A

Allow H2O, ions + proteins flow positively through bilayer

37
Q

What is transport protein?

A

Transport molecules cross cell membrane

38
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Carbohydrate chain attached to protein

Embedded into cell membrane + help cell communication + adhesion

39
Q

How do hydrophobic molecules pass through membrane?

A

Passive diffusion

40
Q

How do hydrophilic molecules pass through membrane?

A

Need protein carriers

41
Q

How does H2O cross the membrane?

A

Diffuses

Aquaporin provide membrane pores

42
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of H2O from less concentrated to more concentrated solution through selectively permeable membrane

43
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

Swells

H2O moves in

44
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

Shrinks

H2O moves out

45
Q

How is permeability determined?

A

No. of ion channels

46
Q

What does Na-K pump do?

A

2K+ in

3Na+ out

47
Q

How can Na-K pump be inhibited?

A

Cell swells

48
Q

How does Na+ move in the cell?

A

Na-K pump establishes + maintains conc gradient for Na+
Na+ go down conc gradient
= inwardly-directed , chemical driving force on Na+
-70mV
Inside slightly more negative
Na+ = positive = attracted inwards
= inward-directed electrical driving force
Na+ co-transport = cells take up sugars + amino acids
Electrochemical gradient maintains Na-K pump

49
Q

How does K+ move in the cell?

A

Na+ pump maintains high internal K+
= chemical driving force outwardly directed
Electrical still inward = K+ positive
Net electrochemical force on K+ = outwardly directed

50
Q

How does Ca2+ move in the cell?

A 
Ca 2+ extruded by Ca2+ pump
Active transport by ATP
Ca2+ binds to proteins in cytoplasm
[Ca2+] low in cytoplasm
= chemical + electrical gradient
Membrane impermeable to Ca2+
51
Q

What do drugs do?

A

Activate ion channels
= allow ions to flow down conc gradient
= evoke cellular response

52
Q

What does activation of nicotinic receptors allow?

A

Na+/Ca2+ to cross membrane + enter cell

53
Q

What are ionotropic receptors?

A

Ones that allow ions to cross + enter membrane when activated

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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