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Pharmacology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the amin functions of the nervous system?

A

Control of body’s environment to maintain homeostasis
Regulation of spinal cord reflexes
Regulation of memory + learning
Voluntary control of movement

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the job of CNS?

A

Integrative + control centre

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4
Q

What makes up PNS?

A

Cranial nerves + spinal nerves

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5
Q

What is the job of PNS?

A

Communication lines between CNS + rest of body

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6
Q

What makes up motor (efferent) division?

A

Motor nerve fibres

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7
Q

What is the job of motor (efferent) division?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles + glands)

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8
Q

What makes up somatic nervous system?

A

Somatic nerve (voluntary)

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9
Q

What is the job of somatic nervous system?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

What makes up autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Visceral motor (involuntary)

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11
Q

What is the job of autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles + glands

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12
Q

What makes up sensory (afferent) division?

A

Somatic + visceral sensory nerve fibres

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13
Q

What is the job of sensory (afferent) division?

A

Conduct impulses from receptors to CNS?

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14
Q

What are 2 division of ANS?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Mobilises body system during activity

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16
Q

What does parasympathetic division do?

A

Conserves energy

promotes “housekeeping” functions during rest

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17
Q

What is the sensory upstream path?

A

ANS
Sensory (afferent) division
PNS
CNS

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18
Q

What is the motor downstream path?

A 
CNS
PNS
Motor (efferent) division
Somatic + autonomic
Sympathetic + parasympathetic
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19
Q

What are the divisions of the motor?

A

Somatic + autonomic

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20
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Electrically excitable cell that receives, processes + transmits info through electrical + chemical signals

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21
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of fibres that conduct impulses between brain or spinal cord + other part of body. Nerves include fragments of neurons (axons) + non-neuronal cells (neuroglia)

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22
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Network of nerve cells + fibres which transmits nerve impulses between pores of body + coordinate them

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23
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A

Soma
Dendrite
Axon

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24
Q

What is the soma?

A

Spherical portion of neuron, containing nucleus

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25
Q

What is the dendrite?

A

Short branched extension of nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses + transmitted to cell body

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26
Q

What is the axon?

A

Long thread-like part of nerve cell, along which impulses are conducted from cell body to other cells

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27
Q

What is sensory (afferent)?

A

Input neurons

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28
Q

Where is sensory (afferent) located?

A

PNS

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29
Q

What is motor (efferent)?

A

Output neurons

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30
Q

What are inter neurons?

A

Relay neurons

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31
Q

What do inter neurons do?

A

Connect sensory + motor neurons to each other

Info processing + decision making

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32
Q

What are neurosecretory cells?

A

Secrete hormones

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33
Q

Where are neurosecretory cells located?

A

Hypothalamus, adrenal medulla + thyroid gland

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34
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

Neurite extends from cell body

Sensory

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35
Q

What is a pseudounipolar neuron?

A

Dendrites + axons fused in single process

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36
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

2 neurite extensions

Specialised sensory neuron for transmission of special senses

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37
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

Possesses single axon + many dendrites

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38
Q

What is an anaxonic neuron?

A

Axon cannot be differentiated from dendrites

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39
Q

What is glia or neuroglia?

A

Non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis: form myelin + provide support & protection for neurons in CNS + PNS

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40
Q

What are the functions of glia cells?

A

To surround cells + hold them in place
To supply nutrients + O2 to neurons
To insulate one neuron from another
To destroy pathogens + remove dead neurons

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41
Q

What is macroglia?

A

Generic term for cells in CNS + PNS

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42
Q

What is microglia?

A

Tissue-based macrophages

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43
Q

What are the macroglia in CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymocytes
Radial glia

44
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Link neurons to their blood supply while forming blood-brain barrier, regulate external chemical environment of neurons by removing excess K+ + recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission

45
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Coat axons with their cell membranes, forming myelin

46
Q

What are ependymocytes?

A

Line spinal cord + ventricular system of brain, secrete cerebrospinal fluid, act as neural stem cells

47
Q

What is radial glia?

A

Participate in neurogenesis, function as neuronal progenitors + as scaffold for neuron migration

48
Q

What are the macroglia in PNS?

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells
Enteric glial cells

49
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Coat axons with their cell membranes, forming myelin

50
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Regulate external chemical environment

51
Q

What are enteric glial cells?

A

Regulate homeostasis in intrinsic ganglia of digestive system

52
Q

What are different types of nerves?

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Fascicle

53
Q

What is epineurium?

A

Layer that externally covers each nerve by dense sheath if connective tissue

54
Q

What is perineurium?

A

Layer that forms complete sleeve around bundle of axons. Extends into nerve + subdivides into several bundles

55
Q

What is endoneurium?

A

Cover surrounding each fibre. Within endoneurium, individual nerve fibres surrounded by endoneurial fluid

56
Q

What is fascicle?

A

Small bundle of axons, enclosed by perineurium. Refers to nerves in PNS

57
Q

What is the enterneric nervous system (ENS)?

A

Regulate function of GI tract

58
Q

Are the sympathetic + parasympathetic antagonistic?

A

YES

59
Q

Does the sympathetic +/- HR?

A

+

60
Q

Does the sympathetic dilate or constrict bronchi?

A

Dilate

61
Q

Does the sympathetic contract or relax musculoskeletal?

A

Contract

62
Q

Does the sympathetic dilate or constrict pupils?

A

Dilate

63
Q

Does the sympathetic +/- urine?

A

-

64
Q

Does the sympathetic +/- secretion & motility of stomach?

A

-

65
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Neural pathway that goes through NS + continuous physiological reaction

66
Q

What is an unconditional reflex?

A

Autonomic innate instinctive reaction to stimulus

67
Q

What is a conditioned reflex?

A

Automatic response established by training to an ordinary neural stimulus

68
Q

Describe reflex arc

A 
Stimulus touched to skin
Afferent neural
Spinal cord (CNS)
Efferent neural (motor)
Muscle contracts
69
Q

What is neuron doctrine?

A

Concept that NS consists of discrete individual cells

70
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal by means of neurotransmitters to another neuron or cell of different type

71
Q

Describe synaptic transmission

A

Synthesis of neurotransmitter + formation of vesicles
Transport of neurotransmitter down axon
AP travels down axon
AP = Ca2+ enter = release of neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter attach to receptor = excites or inhibits postsynaptic neuron
Separation of neurotransmitter from receptor
Reuptake of neurotransmitter to be recycled
Vesicles without neurotransmitter transported back to cell body

72
Q

What happens at excitatory synapse?

A

AP
Glutamate eg.
Na+ = depolarisation

73
Q

What happens at inhibitory synapse?

A

AP
GABA eg.
Cl- = hyperpolarisation

74
Q

What are the different types of synaptic summation?

A

EPSP-IPSP cancellation
EPSP spatial summation
EPSP temporal summation
LEARN GRAPHS

75
Q

What is the functional class of acetylcholine?

A

Excitatory

76
Q

What is the functional class of GABA?

A

Inhibitory

77
Q

What is the functional class of glutamate?

A

E

78
Q

What is the functional class of glycine?

A

I

79
Q 
What is the functional class of catecholamines?
eg. adrenaline + noradrenaline
A

E

80
Q

What is the functional class of dopamine?

A

I/E

81
Q

What is the functional class of histamine?

A

E

82
Q

What is the functional class of serotonin?

A

I/E

83
Q

What is the functional class of ATP?

A

E

84
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for ATP?

A

P2X

P2Y

85
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for serotonin?

A

5-HT1-7 receptors

86
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for histamine?

A

H1-4 receptors

87
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for dopamine?

A

D1-5 receptors

88
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for catecholamines?

eg. adrenaline + noradrenaline

A

Alpha + beta receptors

89
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for glycine?

A

GLR alpha 1-4

GLR beta

90
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for glutamate?

A

NMDA

AMDA

91
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for GABA?

A

GABA A

GABA B

92
Q

What are the receptor subtypes for acetylcholine?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

93
Q

What are the ion currents for acetylcholine?

A

Na+ & Ca2+

94
Q

What are the ion currents for GABA?

A

Cl- & K+

95
Q

What are the ion currents for glutamate?

A

Na+ & Ca2+

96
Q

What are the ion currents for glycine?

A

Cl-

97
Q

What are the ion currents for catecholamines?

eg. adrenaline + noradrenaline

A

Na+ & Ca2+

98
Q

What are the ion currents for dopamine?

A

K+ - inhibit

Ca2+ - excite

99
Q

What are the ion currents for histamine?

A

Na+ & Ca2+

100
Q

What are the ion currents for serotonin?

A

Na+ & Ca2+

101
Q

What are the ion currents for ATP?

A

Na+ & Ca2+

102
Q

Describe process of neuromuscular junction

A

AP travels length of axon to motor terminal
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open = Ca2+ diffuse in
= vesicles release acetylcholine by exocytosis
Diffuses across synaptic cleft + binds to acetylcholine receptors, which contain ligand-gated cation channels
Channels open
Na+ enter muscle fibre + K+ exits muscle fibre
= membrane potential becomes les negative
Threshold reached = AP propagates along sarcolemma

103
Q

When is neuromuscular junction stopped?

A

Acetylcholine removed

104
Q

How is acetylcholine removed?

A

Diffuses away from synapse
OR
Broken down by acetylcholinesterase to acetic acid + choline

105
Q

Where is acetic acid + choline transported?

A

Back to terminal for resynthesises of acetylcholine

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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