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Pharmacology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical substance synthesised by a specific tissue + secreted into bloodstream, whereby it is carried to a non-adjacent sites in body + exert its actions

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2
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical substance synthesised by neuron + secreted directly on to adjacent neurons or tissues, whereby it exerts its actions

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3
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Secrete hormones into bloodstream

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4
Q

What are target cells?

A

Have receptors for given hormones so can later activities in response to hormone

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5
Q

What is the HPA axis + cortisol activated by?

A

Stress (physical + mental)

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6
Q

Describe HPA axis

A 
Hypothalamus nuclei 
-----> CRH
Anterior pituitary gland 
-----> ACTH
Adrenal cortex 
Cortisol released
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7
Q

Why is there a final hormone feedback in HPA axis?

A

To turn off endocrine system

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8
Q

Describe final hormone feedback in HPA axis

A

Cortisol feeds back to anterior pituitary then hypothalamus nuclei

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9
Q

What does cortisol do?

A 
Increase + maintain glucose levels
Increase gluconeogenesis 
Decrease glucose uptake 
Decrease protein synthesis 
Regulate brain function
Immune response/inflammation
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10
Q

Why does cortisol decrease protein synthesis?

A

Amino acids available for gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

What is the disorder associated with cortisol?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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12
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Hypercortisolaemia = too high cortisol

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13
Q

Describe regulation of blood glucose by insulin

A 
Beta cells in pancreas
Glucose undergoes glycolysis 
= increase ATP
ATP acts on K+ channel = closes it
= depolarisation of beta cell
= Ca2+ channels open = Ca2+ enter cell
Release of insulin
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14
Q

Describe hypothalamic - pituitary - ovarian axis/tract

A 
Hypothalamus 
----> GRH
Pituitary 
----> FSH & LH
Ovaries 
Ovulation
Oestrogen + progesterone released
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15
Q

What is GRH?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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16
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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17
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinising hormone

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18
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Sensitises LH releasing cells in pituitary
Proliferation of endometrium
Inhibits FSH = regulates cycle

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19
Q

What do progesterone do?

A

Render endometrium = suitable for implanting of fertilised egg + maintaining endometrium
Inhibits further release of GRH, FSH + LH = regulate cycle + ovulation

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20
Q

What are the two options after ovulation?

A

Fertilisation
OR
No fertilisation

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21
Q

Describe what happens if there is fertilisation

A

Ovum secrets human chorionic gonadotrophin = stimulates corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone
= maintains endometrium + pregnancy
= inhibits further secretion of GRH, LH + FSH = prevents further follicles developing

22
Q

Describe what happens if there is no fertilisation

A

Corpus luteum regresses, progesterone levels drop
Endometrium cannot be maintained = menstruation
Lack of progesterone = clamp on GRH, FSH + LH released = cycle starts again

23
Q

What are the causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Adrenal or pituitary tumour
Side effect of chronic glucocorticoid therapy
Metabolic side effects - eg. increased abdominal fat

24
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

Metabolic

25
Q

What are some side effects of Cushing’s syndrome?

A 
Buffalo hump
Moon face
Thinning of skin
Depression
Diabetes
26
Q

What is the treatment for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Removal of tumour

Inhibition of cortisol synthesis by metyrapone

27
Q

Describe the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome with metyrapone?

A

11β -hydroxylating enzyme can be blocked by metyrapone

= decreases amount of cortisol available for secretion

28
Q

Why is cortisol important?

A

At high levels = inhibit inflammation + immune response

29
Q

What disorders associated with insulin?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Insulin hyposecretion
Insulin receptor hyposensitivity

30
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes

A

Loss of β cell

Substitute with insulin

31
Q

What background intermediate acting insulin is used in type 1?

A

Isophone insulin

32
Q

What short term fast acting insulin is used in type 1?

A

Soluble insulin before meal

33
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes

A

Non-insulin dependant
Desensitization of pancreas or β cells
Introduce K+ blocker (act similar to ATP)

34
Q

What is cause of type 2?

A

Metabolic demands of obesity

35
Q

What do oral contraceptives do?

A

Target negative feedback = clamp secretion of GRH, FSH + LH

36
Q

What do oral contraceptives supply?

A

Exogenous oestrogen + progesterone

= mimic pregnant state

37
Q

What is the combined pill?

A

Oestrogen + progesterone

38
Q

What does the combined pill do?

Oestrogen

A

Oestrogen inhibits secretion of FSH via negative feedback = prevents development of ovarian follicle

39
Q

What does the combined pill do?

Progesterone

A

Progesterone inhibits secretion of LH = prevents ovulation + males cervical mucus less suitable for passage of sperm

40
Q

What is the mini pill?

A

Progesterone

41
Q

Why is mini pill mainly effective?

A

Effect on cervical mucus

DOES NOT block ovulation

42
Q

What are the main hormone-producing glands?

A 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary 
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Thyroid 
Adrenal gland 
Pineal gland
Ovaries 
Testes
43
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Body temp, hunger, mood + release of hormones from other glands

44
Q

What does the pituitary control?

A

Other glands + make hormones that trigger growth

45
Q

What does the parathyroid control?

A

Ca2+ in body

46
Q

What does the pancreas control?

A

Insulin

47
Q

What does the thyroid control?

A

Hormones associated with calorie burning + HR

48
Q

What does the adrenal gland control?

A

Cortisol

49
Q

What does the pineal gland control?

A

Melatonin

50
Q

What does the ovaries control?

A

Oestrogen, testosterone + progesterone

51
Q

What does the testes control?

A

Testosterone

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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