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Pharmacology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What chromosomes are males?

A

XY

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2
Q

What chromosomes are females?

A

XX

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3
Q

What is the significance of the X chromosome being bigger than the Y?

A

Includes genes not present on Y

= responsible for sex characteristics

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4
Q

What are gonads?

A

Contain germ cells + produce gametes + hormones

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5
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

Testes —> sperm

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6
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

Ovaries —> egg

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7
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Potent androgen

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8
Q

Where is testosterone synthesised?

A

Within Leydig cells of testes

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9
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Development + maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics

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10
Q

What is male testosterone metabolised to?

A

Dihydrotestosterone + androsterone

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11
Q

What is female testosterone metabolised to?

A

Oestradiol + etiocholanolone

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12
Q

What are the actions of testosterone?

A

Stimulate enlargement of testes + male accessory organs

Stimulate development of mule secondary characteristics

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13
Q

What secondary characteristics does testosterone stimulate?

A 
\+ body hair
Enlarge larynx 
Thicken vocal cords
Thicken skin
Muscle growth
Thicken + strengthen bones
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14
Q

Describe androgen receptors

A

Bind to receptor = heat shock proteins (hsp)
Complex migrates to nucleus
Bind to specific region of DNA that contain androgen response element (ARE)

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15
Q

What is the importance of androgen receptors?

A

Drives expression of genes that determine male phenotype

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16
Q

What happens to women with androgen insensitivity?

A

Sparse pubic hair + axillary hair

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17
Q

Describe testosterone level throughout life

A

Mini puberty at 6 months
Hormones unchanged until puberty
Maintained throughout life
Declined in old age

18
Q

What are organs secreted by?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
Testes

19
Q

What is significant about the ovaries?

A

Contain fixed no. of follicles

20
Q

What happens during puberty in females?

A

Follicles mature

21
Q

Describe brief process of ovulation

A

FSH —> release oestrogen —> release LH = ovulation

22
Q

What happens when there is no fertilisation?

A

Progesterone level decrease = uterus wall shreds

23
Q

How long is 1 cycle?

A

28 days

24
Q

What are the ovarian steroid hormones?

A 
Oestrogen
Estrone (post-menopause)
Estriol (pregnancy)
Progesterone 
Androgens
25
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Development + regulation of female reproductive system + secondary sex characteristics

26
Q

What else does oestrogen do?

A

Provision of hormonal timing for ovulation
Develop tissues = implantation of blastocyte
Establishment of milieu required for pregnancy

27
Q

At what age does menopause happen?

A

45-55 years

28
Q

Why does menopause happen?

A 
Ovaries fall to respond to FSH
= no. of follicles decrease
Weak oestrogen (E1)
29
Q

Why does hot flushes happen in menopause?

A

Increase of LH + FSH

30
Q

What is micturition?

A

Filling + emptying of bladder

31
Q

Describe micturition

A

Parietal lobes + thalamus receive + coordinate detrusor afferent stimuli
Frontal lobes + basal ganglia provide modulation with inhibitory signals

32
Q

What is the facilitatory of micturition?

A

Potine area, posterior hypothalamus + other cortical centres

33
Q

What is the inhibitory of micturition?

A

In the mid

34
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve do?

A

Transmits impulses from pain receptors to upper lumbar segment
= perception of pain sensation from urethra + bladder

35
Q

What does the pelvic nerve do?

A

Transmits impulses from tension + pain receptors

= reflex micturition + sensation of bladder fullness

36
Q

What does the pudendal nerve do?

A

Transmits impulses for sensation of …
Distension of urethra
Passage of urine through urethra
Maintains tonic contractions of skeletal muscle fibres of external sphincter

37
Q

At volume is the 1st urge?

A

150-300ml

38
Q

At volume is the sense of fullness?

A

300-400ml

39
Q

At volume is the sense of discomfort?

A

400-600ml

40
Q

At volume is the sense of pain?

A

600-700ml

41
Q

At volume micturition cannot be suppressed?

A

700ml

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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