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Pharmacology > Lipids Biochemistry > Flashcards

Lipids Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is xanthelasma?

A

Yellow deposit of cholesterol underneath the skin. Usually on or around the eyelids

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2
Q

What is xanthelasma result of?

A

High levels of cholesterol in bloodstream

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3
Q

Describe cholesterol

A

White crystalline

Soft yellow appearance

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4
Q

What chemical group does cholesterol contain and why is this important?

A

Hydroxyl group

Very fat soluble

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5
Q

Are the rings of cholesterol planar?

A

NO

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6
Q

What is “stacking”?

A

Sit on top of each other

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7
Q

Can cholesterol stack?

A

YES

Forms crystals in blood + urine

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8
Q

What happens when cholesterol is in the blood?

A

Cause precipitation
Coagulation
Blood vessel blockage
Heart disease

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9
Q

How do you form cholesterol?

A 
3 molecules of acetic acid activated
Becomes acetyl CoA
Combine using HMG-CoA reductase 
Form mevalonic acid
Converted to cholesterol
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10
Q

What is HMG-CoA reductase?

A

Enzyme in mevalonic acid pathway (produce cholesterol)

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11
Q

What do drugs do that lower cholesterol?

A

Inhibit HMGCR = lower serum cholesterol = reduce cardiovascular diseases

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12
Q

What are examples of statins

A

Lovastatin (Mevacor)
Fluvastatin (Lescol)
Pravastatin (Pravachol)
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

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13
Q

Describe statins

A

All share similarities with mevalonic acid

Block HMG-CoAR

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14
Q

What are the best statins + why?

A

Rosuvastatin, Pitavastatin + Atorvastatin

= tightest bound to enzyme = best at reducing cholesterol

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15
Q

What is acetic acid?

2 carbon

A

Vinegar

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16
Q

When are fatty acids saturated?

A

C=O

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17
Q

When are fatty acids unsaturated?

A

C=C

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18
Q

What can long chain fatty acids do?

A

Stack = form crystalline solids

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19
Q

Why is olive oi liquid at RT?

A 
Contains oleic acid
= cis C=C 
= "kink" in the chain
= no stacking
= no crystalline solid
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20
Q

What do solid fats do?

A

Form clots in blood vessels more readily than liquid fats

21
Q

What do trans fats do?

A

For straight chain fatty acids
= stack
= form crystalline solids

22
Q

What do manufactures do to make their food crispy?

A

Convert unsaturated CIS oil + convert into solid tarns fats

Process = hydrogenation

23
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

3 fatty acids combined with glycerol

24
Q

Are triglycerides inert?

A

YES BUT esters “unstable”

= can be reversibly broken down

25
Q

How are triglycerides broken down?

A

1st —-> 2nd —-> 3rd

Then glycerol left

26
Q

What is the process of breaking down triglycerides regulated by?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

27
Q

What is a mixed triglyceride?

A

2 saturated fatty acids attached to one unsaturated fatty acid

28
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Complex particles with central core containing cholesterol esters + triglycerides surrounded by free cholesterol, phospholipids + apolipoproteins, which facilitate lipoprotein formation + function

29
Q

What are apolipoproteins?

A

Proteins that bind to lipids

30
Q

What are lipoproteins spheres?

A

Allow for unreactive transport of lipids

= smallest SA = less area for it to react

31
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A 
Chylomicrons
Very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
32
Q

How much lipid in chylomicrons?

A

99%

33
Q

How much lipid in VLDL?

A

85%

34
Q

How much lipid in LDL?

A

82%

35
Q

How much lipid in IDL?

A

80%

36
Q

How much lipid in HDL?

A

50%

37
Q

Why do the high density lipoproteins have less fat?

A

Proteins denser than fats

38
Q

Describe absorption in small intestine

A

Through striated border epithelium covering villi

Diffusion + active transport

39
Q

What is absorbed into capillaries?

A

Amino acids, sugars, minerals, glycerol, some fatty acids + vitamins

40
Q

What is absorbed into lacteals?

A

Glycerides, some fatty acids + fat soluble vitamins

41
Q

What do fatty acids + triglycerides do in the intestine?

A

Form emulsion

= achieved by bile secretion

42
Q

What happens to fats in intestine?

A

Emulsion forms micelles
Micelles approach cells of intestine wall + collapse
Fats + triglycerides absorbed into epithelial cells
Chylomicrons pass into lymph system

43
Q

What are bile salts made from?

A

Cholesterol

44
Q

How do LDL contribute to heart disease?

A

Transported through blood
Stick yo blood vessels
Absorbed by cell wall of blood vessel = its oxidised

45
Q

How does our body try to protect from oxidised fats?

A

Engulf with macrophages

“blow up” in size = foam cell

46
Q

What happens when foam cell trapped in protein matrix of blood vessel wall?

A

Form lump distorts blood vessel
Makes lumen narrower
Lump = plaque
Process = atherosclerosis

47
Q

Describe atherosclerosis

A

Plaque with fibrous cap
Cap ruptures
Blood clot forms around rupture = blocks artery

48
Q

Where are bile salts produce from?

A

Gall bladder

49
Q

What is the problem with bile salts being made from cholesterol?

A

For crystals
= gall stones
= block gall bladder

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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