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Pharmacology > Mammalian Tissue Structure > Flashcards

Mammalian Tissue Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of microscopy structure of cells and tissue, allowing correlations between cellular structures + function to be examined

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

Collections of cells arranged in specific fashion

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3
Q

What is histopathology?

A

Branch of histology that focuses on identification + study of disease

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4
Q

How is histology of tissue analysed?

A

Tissues dehydrated + embedded in wax
Thin sections of tissue cut from “wax-block”
Mounted on microscope slides
Dyes added

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5
Q

Why must the tissues be dehydrated + embedded in wax?

A

Tissue has to be “fixed” in formalin to prevent degradation

+ conserve structural attributes

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6
Q

Why is the tissue cut into thin slices?

A

To allow light to transverse through tissue

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7
Q

Why is dye added to the tissue?

A

To highlight specific features as tissue has little inherent contrast

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8
Q

What dyes are used?

A

Haematoxylin

Eosin

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9
Q

What does haematoxylin dye do?

A

Used for basophilia

Turns DNA/RNA blue/purple

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10
Q

What does eosin dye do?

A

Used for basophilia

Turns proteins within + outside cell pink

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11
Q

What are adipose tissue?

A

All same cells

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12
Q

What are compound tissues?

A

Mix of cells with different functions

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13
Q

What are the two types of cell barriers?

A

Epithelium

Endothelium

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14
Q

What are the 4 categories of tissues?

A

Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelium

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15
Q

What are the 3 primitive (germ cell) layers?

A

Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Endoderm

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16
Q

What primitive layer is connective tissue developed from?

A

Mesoderm

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17
Q

What primitive layer is muscular tissue developed from?

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

What primitive layer is nervous tissue developed from?

A

Ectoderm

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19
Q

What primitive layer is epithelium developed from?

A

All 3

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20
Q

What is epithelia?

A

Tissues that serve as protective layers +/or secretory components of body organs + systems

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21
Q

What is the structure of epithelia?

A

Formed into tightly cohesive cellular sheets

Cover/line body surfaces

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22
Q

What does epithelia have a high capacity for?

A

Regeneration

eg. wound healing

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23
Q

What is epithelia’s structure related to function?

A

Structure vital for the passage of O2, digested food + secretions through epithelia

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24
Q

What are epithelia’s attributes?

A 
Limited intracellular space
Mitotic capability
Basement membrane 
Single or multiple layers of cells
Free apical surfaces
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25
Q

Why does epithelia have limited intracellular space?

A

Specialised junctions hold cells close together

Effective barrier + blocks infiltration of fluids between cells

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26
Q

Why does epithelia have single or multiple layers of cells?

A 
Thin = diffusion important
Thick = protection from abrasion
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27
Q

Why does epithelia have free apical surfaces?

A

During development or maturity of cell

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28
Q

Why does epithelia have basement membrane?

A

Attachment of epithelium to underlying connective tissue

29
Q

Why does epithelia have mitotic capability?

A

Enables repair + regeneration

30
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelium layers?

A

Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified

31
Q

What are the 4 types of cell shape?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

32
Q

What is simple?

A

One cell thick

33
Q

What is stratified?

A

Many cells BUT only bottom layer in contact with basement membrane

34
Q

What is pseudostratified?

A

Appear more than one cell thick BUT rest on basement membrane

35
Q

What is squamous shape?

36
Q

What is columnar shape?

A

Taller than wide

Columns

37
Q

What is cuboidal shape?

38
Q

What is transitional shape?

A

Change shape

39
Q

Where is an example of simple squamous?

40
Q

Where is an example of simple cuboidal?

A

Kidney tubule

41
Q

Where is an example of simple columnar?

A

Small intestine

42
Q

Where is an example of transitional?

A

Urinary tract

43
Q

Where is an example of stratified squamous?

A

Oesophagus

44
Q

Where is an example of keratinised stratified squamous?

A

Only found in skin

45
Q

Where is an example of stratified columnar?

A

Salivary gland duct

Urethra

46
Q

Where is an example of stratified cuboidal?

A

Sweat glands

47
Q

Where is an example of pseudostratified?

A

Trachea

Nasal mucosa

48
Q

What are the different types epithelial surface modifications?

A

Basal surface
Apical surface
Lateral surface

49
Q

What is basal surface?

A

Basement membrane = basal lamina

Selectively permeable

50
Q

What is apical surface?

A 
Microvilli = finger-like extensions of plasma membrane
Cilia = whip-like, motile extensions
51
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

Increase SA

52
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Move mucus over epithelial surface, in one direction

53
Q

Where is microvilli found?

A

Small intestine

54
Q

Where is cilia found?

A

Trachea

Respiratory bronchus

55
Q

What is lateral surface?

A

Adhesion junctions = adhesive spors (desmosomes)
Tight junctions = apical plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse
Gap junctions = spot-like junctions allowing small molecule passage

56
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A

Epithelial cells clustered together to perform secretory or excretory function
Secrete hormones, milk, enzymes, sweat, mucus + oil

57
Q

What is exocrine glandular?

A

Pour products into ducts that open into lumen of organ or on to skin

58
Q

What is endocrine glandular?

A

Have no duct system, secrete into empty tissue space then bloodstream

59
Q

What is the morphological classification of exocrine?

A 
Simple = single tube
Compound = branched duct system
Secretory = tubular, acinar/alveolar + saccular
60
Q

What are the 3 secretory mechanisms?

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

61
Q

What is merocrine mechanism?

A

eg. salivary gland
From cells without damage to plasma membrane
MOST glands secrete this way

62
Q

What is holocrine mechanism?

A

eg. sebaceous gland
Cellular debris part of secretion (sebum)
Involves cell death

63
Q

What is apocrine mechanism?

A

eg. mammary gland

Apical end pinched off

64
Q

What are the 4 types of epithelial membranes?

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial

65
Q

Describe serous membrane

A

Lines closed body cavities
Secrete watery fluid
Simple squamous

66
Q

Describe structure of serous membrane

A

Rest on thin layer of connective tissue
Parietal layer attaches to body wall around organ
Visceral layer attaches to organ themselves

67
Q

Describe mucous membrane

A

Line cavities open to outside

68
Q

Describe cutaneous membrane

A

Skin
Keratinised squamous epithelium
Waterproof

69
Q

Describe synovial membrane

A

Line cavities of free moving joints
Incomplete
Contain connective tissue

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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