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Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Structure & Function > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle fibres arranged in 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles

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2
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

Specialised tissue to conduct nerve impulses through heart, SAN + AVN, Bundle of His, bundle branches + Purkinje fibres

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3
Q

What us the nerve supply?

A

Nerve branches from both sympathetic + parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What does the nerve supply regulate?

A

HR + force of contraction

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5
Q

Is the myocardium of left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

YES

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6
Q

What does the right + left coronary arteries branch off from?

A

Aorta

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7
Q

Where does the cardiac veins deliver blood to?

A

Coronary sinus + back to right atrium

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8
Q

What causes coronary artery disease?

A

Coronary artery cannot deliver blood = plaque on arterial walls

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9
Q

What is myocardium infarction?

A

When blood supply to heart is completely blocked, muscle dies

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10
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double-walled sac around heart

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11
Q

What is pericardium composed of?

A

Superficial fibrous pericardium
Deep two-layer serous pericardium
Parietal layer lines on internal surface
Visceral layer or epicardium line surface of heart

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12
Q

What is the pericardium separated by?

A

Fluid-filled pericardial cavity

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13
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Protects + anchors heart
Prevents overfilling of heart with blood
Allows heart to work relatively friction-free environment

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14
Q

What is the structure of veins + arteries?

A 
Tunica interna
Internal elastic lamina 
Tunica media 
External elastic lamina 
Tunica externa
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15
Q

What is the difference between veins and arteries?

A

Veins have valves and are wider

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16
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells

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17
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Regulate blood supply

Generate blood pressure

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18
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Ensure one-way flow

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19
Q

What are the 2 circuits?

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

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20
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood to + from the lungs

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21
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Blood to + from rest of body

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22
Q

What type of vessels are arteries?

A

Pressure vessels

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23
Q

What type of vessels are veins?

A

Capacitance vessels + can distend to match blood volume

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24
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Electrical, pressure + vol changes that occur in functional heart between 2 heart beats

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25
Q

What is the diastolic phase?

A

Phase of cycle when myocardium is relaxing

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26
Q

What is the systolic phase?

A

Phase of cycle where myocardium is contracting

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27
Q

What happens in the ventricular filling period?

1

A

Ventricular diastole

Atrial systole

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28
Q

What happens in isovolumetric contraction period?

2

A

Ventricular systole

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29
Q

What happens in ventricular ejection period?

3

A

Ventricular systole

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30
Q

What happens in isovolumetric relaxation period?

4

A

Ventricular diastole

Atrial diastole

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31
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A

Venous returns to RA
Venous flow arrives in RV
Venous blood is sent to lung via pulmonary artery
After oxygenation in lung, the blood returns LA
Blood arrives at LV
Blood sent to arteries in tissues

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32
Q

Describe the flow of blood

A

RA –> Tricuspid valve –> RV –> Pulmonary semi-lunar valve –> Pulmonary trunk –> Pulmonary arteries –> Lungs –> Pulmonary veins –> LA –> Bicuspid valve –> LV –> Aortic semi-lunar valves –> Aorta –> Body tissue –> Superior + inferior vena cava –> RA

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33
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial diastole + systole
Ventricular filling: mid to late diastole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular diastole

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34
Q

Describe what happens in atrial diastole + systole

A

Blood flows into + passively out of atria; AV valves open

Atrial systole pumps about 20% blood into ventricles

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35
Q

Describe what happens in ventricular filling: mid to late diastole

A

Heart blood pressure is low as blood enters atria + flows into ventricles
80% of blood enters ventricles passively; atrial systole occurs pumping other 20%

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36
Q

Describe what happens in ventricular systole

A

Atria relax; rising ventricular pressure closes AV valves
Isovolumetric contraction phase
Ventricles contract, no blood leaving
Ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar valves

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37
Q

Describe what happens in ventricular diastole

A

Ventricles relax; blood backflow, closes semilunar valves

Blood once again flowing into relaxed atria + passively into ventricles

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38
Q

What sounds does the heart make?

A

“LUB”

“DUB”

39
Q

Why does the heart make “LUB” sound?

A

Closure of AV valves (mitral + bicuspid) + tricuspid valves: mitral before tricuspid

40
Q

What does the “LUB” sound correlate with?

A

Carotid pulse

41
Q

Where is the “LUB” loudest?

A

Cardio apex

42
Q

Why does the heart make “DUB” sound?

A

Closure of semilunar valves

43
Q

Where is the “DUB” sound loudest?

A

Base of heart

44
Q

What is pulse?

A

Surge of pressure in artery

45
Q

What is the pulse of infants?

A

120 bmp or more

46
Q

What is the pulse of young females?

47
Q

What is the pulse of young males?

48
Q

What happens to pulse when someone becomes elderly?

A

Gets higher again

49
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Resting HR in excess 100 bpm

50
Q

What is tachycardia caused by?

A

Stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease

51
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

HR less than 60 bpm

52
Q

What are premature atrial contractions?

A

Occasional shortened intervals between 1 contraction + next

53
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute

54
Q

What is the cardiac output equation?

A

CO = HR X SV

55
Q

What is CO measured in?

56
Q

What is HR measured in?

57
Q

What is stroke volume measured in?

58
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

Difference between resting + max CO

59
Q

What factors effect HR?

A

Autonomic innervation

Hormones

60
Q

What factors effect SV?

A

End-diastolic vol

End-systolic vol

61
Q

What is SV?

A

Vol of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat

62
Q

How do you work out SV?

A

End-diastolic vol (EDV) - end-systolic vol (ESV)

63
Q

What is EDV?

A

Amount of blood in a ventricle at end of diastole

64
Q

What is ESV?

A

Amount of blood remaining in ventricle after contraction

65
Q

What is the ejection factor?

A

% of EV pumped by ventricle

66
Q

What factors effect EDV?

A 
Venous return (VR)
Filling time (FT)
67
Q

What factors effect ESV?

A

Contractility of muscle cells

Afterload

68
Q

What happens to EDV when you increase VR?

A

EDV increases

69
Q

What happens to EDV when you increase FT?

A

EDV increases

70
Q

What happens to ESV when you increase afterload?

A

ESV increases

71
Q

What happens to ESV when you increase contractility of muscle cells?

A

ESV decreases

72
Q

What is blood flow affected by?

A

Pressure + resistance

73
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls

74
Q

What detects blood pressure changes?

A

Baroreceptors

75
Q

Where is blood pressure highest?

A

In largest arteries

76
Q

When is blood pressure highest?

A

With ventricular systole

77
Q

When is blood pressure lowest?

A

With ventricular diastole

78
Q

What increases blood pressure?

A 
Blood vol increases
HR increases
SV increases
Blood viscosity increases
Peripheral resistance increases
79
Q

What happens when blood pressure gets too high?

A 
Cardiac output increases
Blood pressure increases
Baroreceptors in aortic arch + carotid sinuses stimulated
Sensory impulses to cardiac centre 
Parasympathetic impulses to heart
SA node inhibited 
HR decreases
Blood pressure returns to normal
80
Q

What is preload?

A

Tension applied before muscle performs any work

EDV

81
Q

What happens when you increase filling pressure?

A

Preload increases

82
Q

What is afterload?

A

Load that preloaded muscle has to work against

Aortic pressure present at the instant that aortic valve open

83
Q

What does it mean if there is a higher aortic diastolic pressure?

A

Greater work to pump blood into heart

84
Q

What is preload + afterload estimated using?

A

Laplace’s law

85
Q

What is Laplace’s law?

A

WWS = Pressure X radius / 2 (wall thickness)

86
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A

Change of heart’s force of contraction in response to change in venous return

87
Q

Describe the Frank-Starling mechanism

A

Increased venous return increases ventricular filling (EDV) + preload

88
Q

What does myocyte stretching cause?

A

Increase in force of generation

89
Q

What does the Frank-Starling mechanism enable?

A

The heart to eject additional venous return, thereby increasing SV

90
Q

What happens to CO if afterload increases?

A

CO decreases

91
Q

What happens to CO if preload increases?

A

CO increases

92
Q

What is systolic heart failure?

A

Less blood pumped out of ventricles

= weakened heart muscles can’t squeeze as well

93
Q

What is diastolic heart failure?

A

Less blood fills ventricles

= stiff heart muscle can’t relax normally

Pharmacology (40 decks)

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