Respiratory Physiology 1 Flashcards
What is the name for the process of exchange between atmosphere down to the pulmonary circulation
External respiration
Why is ventilation different to external respiration
Ventilation is only movement down the conducting systems rather than the exchange into the circulation
ER includes both and exchange
What is internal respiration
Exchange of gas from the blood to the tissues via the capillary beds
Gas exchanged from respiring tissues back to the heart via vein (co2)
How is the left lobe different to right lobe
Right lobe has 3 sections
Superior , middle and inferior
Left has 2
Superior and inferior
What is the space called at the left lung where heart lays
Cardiac notch
What are the conducting systems
Area where sir in carried down from atmosphere
What is the upper respiratory conducting system
Nasal and oral cavity
Pharynx and larynx
What 3 things happen to the air at the pharynx and nasal cavity
Warming, humidifying and filtering debris
As well as warming and filtering what does the pharynx do
Prevents food going into nasal cavity
What is the larynx for
Prevents food and water going into respiratory tract
What does the lower respiratory tract in the conducting system consist of
Trachea
Primary bronchi Secondary Tertiary Bronchioles Alveoli
What is the importance of the branching of bronchi and bronchioles
Large SA/ cross sectional area for better exchange
Which 3 areas have ciliated epithelial cells
Larynx trachea and bronchi
Which cells produce mucus at the larynx bronchi and trachea
Goblet cells
Which substance is produced by ciliated epithelial cells to make mucus less viscous for removal
Saline
What is the removal of mucus via cilia called
Mucociliary escalator system
Why can’t saline be produced in peiple with CF
Their CFTR protein mutation
can’t transport Cl/ na and water out of the epithelial cell to produce saline
Mucus gets stuck
What is the trachea supported by
C ring cartilage
Why is c ring cartilage important in trachea
Makes it flexible for ventilation
What is the posterior of trachea made of and why is it important
Elastic and smooth muscle for expansion for oesophageal swallowing
How is cartilage in bronchi different
Full rings
Name 3 structural differences for bronchioles
NO cartilage
No ciliated epithelial cells
Much more smooth muscle
What is the area called where alveoli exchange occurs
Respiratory zone
Which artery brings deox blood to the respiratory zone where it branches into capillaries around alveoli
Pulmonary artery
What does bronchioles branch off into at the respiratory zone
2+ alveolar ducts / clumps
What surrounds the alveoli
Elastic fibres
Which cells line the alveoli one cell thick
Type 1 and 2 alveolar epithelial cells
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells
Type 1- thin and small for exchange of gases
Type 2- thicker but smaller
What do type 2 cells produce
Surfactant
What in alveoli allows removal of pathogens
Macrophages
What allows reduction of diffusion pathway between type 1 and endothelial cells of capillaries
Fusion between the basement membrane of type 1 and the endothelial cells
Why is inspiration an active process
Include contraction of both external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase volume
What are the 3 pressures involved in ventilation
Atmospheric
Intrapulmonary
Intrapleural
What is intrapulmonary pressure and what happens to it in respect to ventilation
Pressure inside alveoli / lungs
This increases when the volume decreases in expiration
Exceeds atmospheric pressure
What is intrapleural pressure
Pressure within the pleural cavity (also increases with expiration but decreases with inspiration)
When does intrapulmonary pressure reach equilibrium with atmospheric
Between breaths
What is the pleural cavity
Membrane surrounding the lungs filled with fluid
What is the importance of the pleural cavity
Allows holding or moving past of chest wall and lung
Is intrapleural pressure always smaller than atmospheric
Yes
What is elastic recoil
Ability of chest wall to recoil
Ability of the lung to recoil
In inspiration what happens regarding the pleural cavity and pressure
The chest wall pushes from the lungs which causes lowered intrapleural pressure
Lungs can inflate as atmospheric pressure exceeds intrapulmonary and intra pleural
Why does pleural pressure increase in expiration
The recoiling of the chest wall back to pushing the lungs inwards
Cause increase exceeding atmospheric pressure
This causes exhalation
