Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Reg Of Respiration > Flashcards

Reg Of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the higher brain area to regulate Rhythmic breathing

A

Cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which parts of the brain are the respiratory centre in

A

Pons and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which types of receptors go to the medulla/ pons (6)

A

Receptors Eg for pain to hypothalamus

Irritant receptors

Stretch receptors in lungs

Peripheral and central chemoreceptors

Proprioreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do signals get from medulla to inspristory muscles or expiratory muscles

A

AFFERENT Motor neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which types of muscles are involved in inspiration which are attached to motor neurones from medulla

A

External intercostal

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which types of muscles allow expiration forced

A

Abdominal muscles

Internal intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What system makes up the pons

A

Pontine respiratory group (PRG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 3 things makes up the pons PRG

A

2 pneumotaxic centres

1 apreustic centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 medullary neurones

A

DRG (dorsal)

VRG (ventral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which medullary neurone is responsible for inspiration

A

DRG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the DRG/VRG get inputs to change insp/exp

A

From craniofacial nerves IX (glossy pharyngeal) and X (vagus)

Which send impulses eg from chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the DRG for inspiration send impulses to the diaphragm to contract

A

Down phrenic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which nerves contact the intercostal muscles eg expiratory to contract in inspiration

A

Thoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which complex in the VRG links it to the DRG for rhythmic breathing

A

Pre botzinger complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does VRG signalling do

A

Allow expiration mostly

And affects the pharynx, larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens when DRG neural activity inhibits

A

Expiration can occur as inspiration muscles like diaphragm relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the apreustic centre in the pons do

A

Promotes inspiration via the DRG and also stimulating the inspiratory neurones eg phrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The pneumotaxic centres inhibit apreustic stimulation of the DRG , which neurones does it inhibit to stop inspiration

A

T5 to the external intercostal

Phrenic to the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which chemoreceptors are most sensitive to 02 levels

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

20
Q

When would peripheral chemoreceptors start to increase ventilation

A

When levels of o2 are below 60 (usually 100)

21
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Aortic arch

Carotid arteries (both internal and external)

22
Q

How do aortic arch chemoreceptors transmit info to the medulla

A

Via craniofacial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)

23
Q

How does the carotid artery send impulses to the medulla

A

Via vagus X nerve

24
Q

What would happen when peripheral (aortic and carotid) chemoreceptors detected o2 low levels below 60

A

Impulses down the IX and X

Medulla DRG and VRG would be stimulated

Hyperventilation would occur to increase Po2 and decrease Pco2

25
Q

Which cells in the carotid chemoreceptors detect low Po2

A

Glomus cells

26
Q

What happens in glomus cells to cause impulse for low o2 down to the medulla

A

Low po2 closes the K channels in glomus cells

This causes depolarisation

Ca channels can open in depolarisation

DA vesicles fuse and released

DA binds to receptors on neurones

AP sent down vagus to the medulla for hyperventilation

27
Q

Which receptors are better at detecting high pco2

A

Central chemoreceptors

28
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found

A

At the csf / blood brain barrier

29
Q

How can pco2 be detected from the capillaries to the csf but H can’t

A

Pco2 can diffuse through blood brain barrier

30
Q

How is co2 levels detected in the csf indirectly via central chemoreceptors

A

They detect HCO3 and H levels from the splitting of carbonic acid when co2 reacts with h20

31
Q

What happens when high co2 senses indirectly via HCO or directly via co2

A

Impulses sent to medulla from the central chemoreceptors

Causes hyperventilation via DRG and VRG

32
Q

How are central chemoreceptors adaptive

A

After many days of high co2 levels these become normal and hyperventilation stops

33
Q

What happens when low co2 levels are sensed via chemoreceptors

A

Hypoventilation

34
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased ph due to hyperventilation removing co2

This means less co2 present to produce Hco3 and H

This increases ph (alkalosis)

35
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis

A

Hypoventilation

Increased co2 levels

More co2 into HCO and H

H reduces ph

Causes respiratory acidosis

36
Q

What is metabolic acidosis

A

The increase of acids / decrease in ph due to exercise lactic acid rather than co2 levels

37
Q

Which chemoreceptors deal with metabolic acidosis (high co2)

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

38
Q

Why aren’t central chemoreceptors affected by ph

A

They can’t sense ph as H can’t pass the blood brain barrier to the csf

39
Q

What happens when peripheral chemoreceptors sense metabolic acidosis via exercise

A

They send impulses down the vagus or IX to medulla

Cause hyperventilation

Reduces pco2 which counteracts the low ph

40
Q

Can peripheral sense co2 as much as central chemoreceptors?

A

No, weak stimuli sent from aortic or carotid

41
Q

What are stretch receptor connected to the DRG and VRG for

A

when inflation of lungs is too high during inspiration

They cause inactivation of the DRG and activation of expiration via VRG

42
Q

What are irritant receptors connected to the medulla for

A

Detect stimuli like allergens or cold air to cause a cough

43
Q

Which nerve has impulses sent from irritant receptors

A

Vagus X

44
Q

Explain how a cough is produced from irritant receptors

A

When triggered via cold air etc

Impulse sent down vagus to DRG

DRG sends impulses down phrenic and thoracic to intercostal and diaphragm for inspiration

This reduces pleural cavity pressure

Air enters

The larynx and glottis close after

Abdomen muscles and expiratory muscles contract via VRG to cause expiration

Glottis and larynx open

Air is forced out fast and down narrow bronchi and trachea as they are collapsed

45
Q

What are proprioreceptors for

A

They increase Po2 and decrease pco2 before exercise has begun to meet demands

Via induction of the DRG and VRG = hyperventilation

Physiology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions