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Physiology > Blood Groups > Flashcards

Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

What are ABO blood groups dependant on

A

Antigens on the RBC which are present depending on the alleles inherited

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2
Q

What can the RBC antigens for blood group be made of

A

Glyclolipids

Glycoproteins

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3
Q

Antigen alleles are inherited from each parent, when can these antigens change

A

With diseases like cancer

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4
Q

Which 3 enzymes are involved in ABO blood groups

A

Fucosyl transferase (FUT1)

N acetyl galactosamine (A transferase)

Glucosamine transferase (B transferase)

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5
Q

What is the overall name given to A transferase or B transferase and their job

A

Glycosyltransferase

Add sugars to the terminal end on glycolipids or proteins

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6
Q

Name 5 sugars present in the ABO blood groups

A

Fucose

N acetyl galactosamine

Glucosamine

Sialic acid (NANA) - on gangliosides

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7
Q

Which 2 genes determine blood group

A

ABO and H gene

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8
Q

What does HH or Hh encode for

A

Fucosyl transferase FUT1

Adds a fucose to the rbc precursor sequence

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9
Q

What is a precursor substance

A

Oligosaccharides already present on the RBC

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10
Q

What happens when someone has recessive hh gene

A

No FUT1 produced

No fucose added

No A or B transferase addition of sugars

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11
Q

What is H substance/ antigen known as because of no A or B antigens

A

O antigen

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12
Q

Why do A and B genes differ

A

Deletions at exon 6 out of 7

Causes amino acid differences

Encode for different transferases

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13
Q

What is added when someone has AA or AO alleles

A

N acetyl galactosamine

Via A transferase

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14
Q

What is added when someone inherits BO or BB alleles

A

Glucosamine

By B transferase

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15
Q

What happens when someone has AB alleles

A

Codominant

Causes some antigens to be A with n acetyl galactosamine

Some antigens have only glucosamine

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16
Q

What is the difference between A1 and A2 phenotype

A

A1- antigens which react with anti A1 antibodies

A2- don’t react with anti A1 antibodies

17
Q

What genotypes would parents need to be to form all 4 possible blood groups

A

AO and BO

18
Q

What type of antibodies are formed by the 4 blood types when exposed to the blood group

A

A = anti B antibodies

B= anti A antibodies

AB= no antibodies

O= both antibodies (because no A or B antigens present)

19
Q

What occurs when mismatches transfusion occurs

A

Agglutination when the antibodies detect the antigen in the RBC of donor

They will cause clumping of RBC and lyse

20
Q

Why can incompatible transfusion cause kidney disease

A

Because more erythropoietin needs to be produced over and over to restore RBC that have been lysed

21
Q

What are rhesus antigens made of

A

Protein

22
Q

Which antigen for rhesus is most common

A

Rhesus D

23
Q

What happens when someone is DD or Dd for the rhesus antigen

A

They produce the rhesus antigen and are RH+

24
Q

Why aren’t anti RH antibodies not commonly produced

A

Because RH + blood group isn’t common

People need exposure of Rh to have antibodies for it

25
Q

What does anti RH antibody do

A

RBC get bound to the IgG and are engulfed by macrophages

The liver and spleen then remove the RBC

26
Q

Which blood group is a universal donor and why

A

O-

It has no A , B or Rh antigens on rbc surface

27
Q

Why can’t O- recieve blood from anyone not O-

A

It has A B and Rh antibodies on surface

28
Q

Why is AB+ a universal recipient

A

It hasn’t got A,B or Rh antibodies at all

29
Q

Why can AB only donate to AB

A

Because they have both A and B antigens

30
Q

Why can rhesus cause disease in pregnancy

A

If rhesus + dad, baby will have Rh antigens in side a Rh- woman

If the Rh antigens from baby transfer to woman she can produce anti RH

If next baby is RH+ the anti RH in mother attacks rbc of baby= anemia due to engulfment by macrophages

31
Q

Which class of antibody can’t cross placenta if mother and child are diff blood groups

A

IgM

32
Q

Name 3 other blood group antigens Other than rhesus and ABO

A

Lewis
P family
Forssman antigens

Physiology (31 decks)

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