Kidney Structure And Filtration Flashcards
What are the main blood vessels to the kidneys
Renal artery and Renal vein
What takes fluid to the kidney
Ureter
What encases the cortex and medulla
Capsule
Where does most blood flow go
To the renal cortex
Explain how blood/fluid gets to the renal columns in between medulla and cortex
From renal pelvis to the calyx
Calyx feeds into columns
How does fluid from the collecting duct get to the renal pelvis for excretion
Via the calyx
What are the 2 types of nephrons
Cortical nephron (mostly in cortex)
Juxtamedullary nephron (both cortex and medulla)
Which vessel feeds into glomerular capillaries
Afferent arterioles
Which arteriole leaves the glomerular ball of capillaries and what does it branch off into
Efferent arteriole
Branches off to peritubular capillaries which wrap around nephron
What 3 ways do kidneys regulate ions and water
Regulation of osmolarity/ ions
Regulation of ecf
Regulation of ph
Name some hormones produced by kidney
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Kinins (vasodilators)
Renin
Which 2 things kidneys produce regulate BF
Prostaglandins and kinins
Which vitamin is produced by kidney
D
What do peritubular capillaries feed into
Renal vein back to heart
What 2 things restrict filtration
Size and charge
How much of blood is filtered into glomerulus
20%
What is the measure of how much blood filtered in a minute
Glomerular filtration rate
What is the name for the bowmans capsule with the capillaries
Renal corpuscle
What are the double membranes of bowmans capsule
Basement membrane
Then podocytes
What are the gaps between podocytes called
Filtration sites
What are the cells called in capillary wall
Fenestrated endothelial cells
What kind of things enter nephron
Ions eg na cl k
Urea / waste
Water
Glucose
Which pressure drives filtration
Hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries
Which 2 pressures oppose filtration via HP of capillaries
Colloid osmotic pressure
Bowmans fluid osmotic pressure
What does colloid osmotic pressure cause
Retention back into capillaries
How do you work out net filtration pressure
HP in capillaries - colloid osmotic pressure- bowmans fluid HP
How does change in resistance/ diameter of afferent arteriole affect HP in capillaries
Vasoconstriction causes increased resistance decreasing filtration rate / HP
Vasodilation causes increase in HP and thus filtration rate
How does resistance / change in diameter of efferent arteriole affect HP in capillaries
Vasoconstriction causes back flow into capillaries
Increasing HP
Increasing filtration rate
Vasodilation of efferent decreases HP
Which 2 things stay constant despite change in BP
Filtration rate and blood flow
How does the myogenic auto regulation response cause constant GFR and BF
If there’s an increase in pressure it causes stretch in the muscles which causes vasoconstriction eventually
This increases resistance which decreases HP in capillaries causing lower GFR
What is tubuloglomerular feedback
Where fluid flow in tubules affects arteriole resistance
Which types of cells in the DCT can affect the A and E arteriole walls diameter
Macula densa cells
What do macula densa cells release to affect GFR via resistance
Para crine factors
Explain the steps of what would happen in tubuloglomerular feedback
Increased GFR
Increases flow in tubules past macula densa cells
Sensed by cells via na/Cl conc
They release me paracrine factors eg adenosine or atp
Causes vasoconstriction
Decreases GFR
Adenosine and atp are vasoconstrictors from macula densa cells, what is released for vasodilation
NO
How is flow in macula densa cells detected
Via na or Cl conc
