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Physiology > Movement And Motor Control > Flashcards

Movement And Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Which types of muscles increase an angle ie straighten

A

Extensors

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2
Q

Which muscles decrease an angle ie bend

A

Flexors

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3
Q

What are muscle which belong to same group - pull in same way ie extensors

A

Synergists

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4
Q

What are flexors and extensors

A

Antagonists

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5
Q

What has to happen to extensors for flexion to occur

A

Relax and flexors contract

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6
Q

Which neurones allow contraction of muscles

A

Alpha motor neurones

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7
Q

Where are alpha neurones from

A

Ventral horn in spinal cord

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8
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Alpha motor neurone attached to a muscle fibre

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9
Q

What are motor units called which have 1 alpha motor neurone impacting more muscle fibres

A

Large motor units

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10
Q

Where are large motor units located compared to small

A

Legs and arms for large force of contraction

Fingers have small motor units (no branching of alpha neurones)

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11
Q

Which muscle contraction movement has smallest AP firing frequency

A

Twitches

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12
Q

What is the muscle contraction which doesn’t allow relaxation between ap

A

Summation (strength increases)

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13
Q

What is the difference between unfused tetanus and fused tetanus

A

Unfused relax small amounts between AP (also smaller AP)

Fused don’t relax and large Hz

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14
Q

Which muscle contraction would be used to hold a weight

A

Fused tetanus

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15
Q

Which 3 things control alpha motorneurones and therefore contraction

A

Upper motor neurone (in cerebral cortex and brain stem)

Interneurones (excitatory and inhibitory in the spinal cord)

Receptors in muscles

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16
Q

Which 2 receptors are located in muscle

A

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

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17
Q

What are fibres in the muscle called which contract to move joint

A

Extra fusal

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18
Q

What fibres make up muscle spindle receptor

A

Intra fusal fibres (with myofibrils for contraction)

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19
Q

Which nerve fibre / sensory neurone detects stretch in the muscle in the muscle spindle

A

1a afferent fibre

20
Q

Where does the 1a afferent output to when muscle has stretched and what happens

A

Cns

Cns allows increased output of alpha motorneurones eg via upper motorneurones or interneurones excitatory

Muscle can then contract unloading the spindle (stopping A1 fibre firing)

21
Q

What happens to intrafusal muscles when alpha motor neurone increases input

A

Contract and shorten (usually on ends of muscle spindles)

22
Q

Which motor neurones are attached to the ends of muscle spindles

A

Gamma motor neurones

23
Q

What happens if gamma motor neurone also fires with alpha motor neurone

A

Gamma firing causes stretching in middle of the muscle spindle so A1 afferent doesn’t stop sending impulses to cns

24
Q

Why would gamma motor neurone firing stopping A1 inhibition be good

A

If more force or contraction is needed

25
Q

Are proprioceptors located in the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organs

A

Yes

26
Q

What is alpha and gamma firing called

A

Alpha gamma coactivation

27
Q

Is voluntary movement always conscious

A

No, unconscious memory

28
Q

What is the difference between voluntary and rhythmic movement

A

Rhythmic follows an automatic pattern eg walking

Voluntary can be new things learned eg playing piano

29
Q

What needs to be in a reflex arc

A

1 sensory neurone and a motor neurone

30
Q

Where do reflexes originate

A

Brain stem and spinal cord

31
Q

Do reflexes have to be mono synaptic

A

No sometimes more neurones so polysynaptic

32
Q

How is the stretch reflex via 1a fibre a mono synaptic reflex

A

Stretch occurs eg from weights and 1a from muscle spindle sends impulse to spinal cord which then synapses with the alpha neurone causing contraction of intrafusal muscles

33
Q

Which reflex protects against excessive load stretch of muscles

A

Golgi tendon reflex

34
Q

What happens in Golgi tendon reflex which causes load to drop

A

Increased stretch signals causes activation of inhibitory interneurones in spinal cord

These block firing down alpha neurones

Muscle contraction stops

35
Q

Which muscles are stretched when someone hits knee tendon

A

Quadriceps

36
Q

What happens when A1 afferent fibre detects stretch in quadriceps in the knee tendon (causes extension)

A

Alpha motor neurone in efferent pathway 1 stimulated contraction of quadriceps (extensors)

Efferent pathway 2 alpha motor neurone is inhibited via inhibitory interneurones - causes harmstring to relax (flexor)

= leg extends forward

37
Q

What receptor is responsible for hopping due to pain in foot

A

Nociceptors

38
Q

What must happen to bend leg away from pain

A

Contraction of flexor muscles via the alpha motor neurone and extensor muscles in that leg relax via inhibitory interneurones

39
Q

What must happen in leg which isn’t hurt to cause balance

A

Alpha motor neurone stimulation via excitatory interneurones causing contraction of extensors to straighten leg

Flexors are relaxed due to inhibitory interneurones stopping alpha motor neurone

40
Q

Which pathway needs to be stimulated to cause change in gravity of body to hop in reflex

A

Ascending pathway to brain

41
Q

What things make up the cerebral cortex

A

Sma
Pma
Motor cortex M1
Somatosensory cortex (sulcus and post central gyrus)

42
Q

What do sma and pma do

A

Plan movements

43
Q

Where does info for planning from sma and pma go

A

M1 motor cortex (where upper motor neurones are) down to the alpha neurone in ventral horn

44
Q

What is cerebellum for

A

Motor learning eg new movements like playing piano

Also fine tuned movements

45
Q

What does the brain stem affect

A

Posture

46
Q

Where does movement feedback to

A

Spinal cord (spinal reflex)

Physiology (31 decks)

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