Intro And Autonomic NS Flashcards
What does homeostasis mean
Constant internal environment-
Maintenance of variables like bp and maintaining equilibrium
What is it called when homeostasis isn’t kept
Pathophysiology (disease)
Which 7 systems are linked with the circulatory system
Reproductive Urinary/renal Respiratory Digestive Endocrine Nervous Muscoskeletal (muscles)
What is negative feedback and give example
When the effector will signal back and reduces the stimulus
Effector change response via controller
Eg
When light is detected by ganglia neurones in the retina they fire ap to the cns and then this goes down the ANS (PNS dilated it) which causes muscles to contract
Name the 4 types of iris muscles that restrict pupil diameter
1- circular constricter (constricts)
2- sphincter pupillae (constricts)
3- radial dilator (dilates)
4- dilator pupillae (dilates)
Name the 2 pathways of the autonomic nervous system
Afferent pathway
Efferent pathway (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
What effector does the somatic nervous system lead to
Muscle (voluntary movement = somatic)
What control centres does the afferent pathway have
Hypothalamus
Brain stem (medulla and pons)
Spinal cord
what things are controlled by the medulla and pons in the afferent pathway
Respiratory centre
Secondary respiratory centre
Urinary control
BP/HR by medulla oblongata
What 3 things are controlled by hypothalamus in the afferent pathway
Temperature
Water (ADH)
Eating behaviour
Where does the efferent pathway signal from
The cns
Which 2 neurones feature in the sympathetic and parasympathetic (efferent pathway)
Preganglionic neurone
Postganglionic neurone
What connects the pre and post ganglionic neurones
Autonomic ganglion
Is divergence of 1 pre ganglion neurone in efferent pathway to multiple post ganglionic neurones regular
Yes
Where do the ganglia neurones in efferent pathway stem from in cns
The spinal cord
Name 9 activities the sympathetic NS does which opposes the PNS in the efferent pathway
SNS -
1- dilates pupils in dim light 2- inhibits salivation 3- relaxes bronchi (bronchidilation) 4- increase BP 5- inhibits digestion 6- stimulate liver glucose release 7- epinephrine/ norepinephrine secretion 8- relaxes bladder 9- contracts rectum
Which 3 neurones are typically in flight or fight (2 released by sns)
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Cortisol
Which bone compound had been found to inhibit parasympathetic NS
Osteocalcin
When is osteocalcin released
When amygdala triggers glutamate signals to the osteoblasts
Explain the structure of the efferent pre and post ganglionic neurones in the PNS
Pre ganglionic is long
Post ganglionic is short and attached to target effector
When is the origin of the pre ganglionic neurones in the PNS
In the brain
Name the 5 cranial nerves (1 is not cranial) in the PNS
III /3 - goes to eyes
7 / VII - goes to face
9/ IX- glossopharyngeal (parotid salivary gland= salivation)
10 / X - VAGUS NERVE : goes to 2/3 of abdomen and thoracic cavity
Pelvic nerves - contraction in pelvis, relax in rectum
Where does the post ganglionic neurones originate in SNS and PNS
At the autonomic ganglion and travel to the effector
What is the structure of the SNS ganglion neurones and where does pre ganglion originate from
Short pre ganglion
- from both sides of the spine
(2 paravertebral sympathetic chains)
Long post ganglion
Name the 2 ganglion neurones in the SNS
Thoracic 1 (T1)
Lumbar 2/3
Which system is the only one that doesn’t have a post ganglionic neurones
The Sympathetic adrenal medulla system
Releases epinephrine/norepinephrine from adrenal medulla
Name the 4 types of neurotransmitters in the ANS (both SNS and PNS)
Ach
Nadr
Adr
Non adrenergic, non cholinergic NANC eg glutamate
Name the 2 types of synapses in the autonomic NS
Cholinergic - muscarinic and nicotinic
Adrenergic - a and b
Where is the nicotinic receptors located always
At the autonomic ganglia of BOTH SNS AND PNS
Which drug blocks nicotinic receptors in the SNS and CNS
Curare
Where are muscarinic located
At the effector and post ganglionic synapse
Only at the PNS
What is the only exception of muscarinic being at SNS effectors too
At the sweat glands
Which drug blocks muscarinic action in the PNS eg blocking constriction of pupil
Atropine
What does ach do at muscarinic
Open channels like the K+ channel
Where are adrenergic receptors a and b found
In the SNS only
Which adrenergic receptor is the only one pre synaptic at the post ganglionic / effector cleft
A1
What binds to A1 and what happens there
Noradrenaline released from the adrenal medulla from the SNS system
It causes Gq to be activated and ca is released causing vasoconstriction and contraction in smooth muscle
What binds to a2 best and what happens there
Noradrenaline also released from adrenal medulla
It causes Gi activity and camp inhibition
Stops cholinergic and adrenergic synapses working (NO NTS)
What drug is an antagonist to both alpha 1 and 2
Phentonamine
Eg effect being vasodilation
What binds at beta 1 and what is the effect
Both adrenaline and noradrenaline
Gs is stimulated causing heart contraction (BP increase)
What binds to B2 and what happens
Adrenaline
Causes Gs stimulation and bronchidilation
What drug blocks B1 and B2
Propanolol
Which receptors can be found at the somatic nervous system attached to muscle only
Nicotinic ach and muscarinic ach
