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Physiology > Respiratory 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which 3 things affect alveolar gas exchange

A

O2 reached to the alveoli

Diffusion pathway

Perfusion

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2
Q

What affects o2 reaching alveoli for exchange

A

Composition of air

Alveoli/pulmonary ventilation

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3
Q

Which 4 things affect alveolar ventilation (how much o2)

A

Lung compliance

Rate and depth of breaths

Airway resistance

Alveolar surface tension

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4
Q

Flow rate is pressure/ resistance , which factors affect resistance

A

Length of path

Viscosity of gas

Diameter of airway

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5
Q

Which kind of flow and resistance is at the upper respiratory tract/ down trachea

A

Turbulent flow

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6
Q

Which kind of flow is at the lower respiratory tract from the bronchioles down

A

Laminar flow

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7
Q

Which area is resistance highest and why

A

Bronchi

Smallest area

Trachea is wider and bronchioles have a large cross sectional area for lower resistance

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8
Q

Which 3 events can cause resistance

A

Mucus

Inflammation

Tumour

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9
Q

What causes smooth muscle bronchoconstriction in bronchioles

A

Parasympathetic ach binding to M3

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10
Q

Why is there surface tension in alveoli which affects their ventilation and therefore exchange

A

Liquid inside which h20 can form cohesive H bonds

The gases are non polar so can’t form bonds

Creates surface tension at gas water boundary

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11
Q

When is surface tension highest

A

In expiration where diameter is lowest

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12
Q

What does surface tension cause

A

Obstruction to alveolar inflation

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13
Q

Which substance do type 2 cells need to produce to reduce surface tension in small alveoli (they have largest ST)

A

Surfactant

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14
Q

What does surfactant do

A

Reduces tension by disrupting H2O bonds

Allows alveolar inflation

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15
Q

What is RDS produced by which means alveoli can’t inflate

A

Late production / lack of surfactant

Can’t inflate due to high ST

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16
Q

What does lung compliance affecting ventilation and therefore exchange mean

A

Ability of lungs to stretch

17
Q

What allows lung compliance

A

Increase in surfactant to cause inflation of alveoli

Swelling of elastic tissue around lungs

Ability of chest wall to move up in inspiration

18
Q

What is lung compliance triggered by

A

Increase in pressure from the air in atmosphere ie in inspiration

19
Q

What is the max amount of lung compliance called

A

Vital capacity

20
Q

What limits lung compliance

A

Elastic recoil

21
Q

What happens to lung compliance in emphysema

A

Large compliance even at a lower atmospheric pressure

due to lack of elastic recoil

22
Q

Why does fibrosis cause lack of compliance

A

They have lack of elastic tissue to stretch the lungs

This is replaced with scar tissue

Affects compliance / has a lower vital capacity

23
Q

What is the rate and depth of breathing affecting ventilation measured by

A

Spirometer

24
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of air in and out in a normal breath

25
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of extra air which can be breathed out along with every normal breath (tidal volume)

26
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Extra amount of air breathed in alongside the normal breath (tidal volume)

27
Q

What is the air called left inside the lungs after even expiratory reserve volume

A

Residual volume

28
Q

How do you work out vital capacity of the lungs (max air in and out)

A

Tidal volume + ERV + IRV

29
Q

How do you work out total lung capacity

A

Residual volume + erv + irv + tidal volume

30
Q

What is forced vital capacity and what other measure does it use

A

Measure of Total amount of air expired after a forced breath over time

Uses the FEV (forced expiratory volume)

31
Q

What does FEV1 mean

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

32
Q

Which types of lung disease have lower FVC

A

Restrictive lung disease

Their vital capacity is lower due to low compliance (lack of elastic)

33
Q

Why would the FEV in 1 second be slower in those with obstructive lung diseases like asthma

A

They have an obstruction to expiration and so the expiration rate is slower (FEV)

34
Q

What is anatomic dead space

A

Volume of air in conducting airways which isn’t used for exchange

35
Q

What is physiologic dead space

A

Vol of air in airways and also alveolar space which isn’t used for exchange

36
Q

Why is conducting airways volume (anatomic dead space) not always used for exchange

A

Because it is expired via the tidal volume expiration

Only some inspired air reaches alveoli

37
Q

How do you work out pulmonary ventilation

A

Ventilation rate(eg 12 breaths) x tidal volume (500ml)

38
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation a better measure

A

It accounts for dead space volume

39
Q

How do you work out alveolar ventilation rate

A

Ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space vol)

Physiology (31 decks)

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