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Physiology > Gut Function (III) > Flashcards

Gut Function (III) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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2
Q

What lays on top of the muscle and mucosa layers on the small intestine

A

Large villi made up of one cell thick epithelial cells

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3
Q

What are the gaps in between villi called

A

Crypt

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4
Q

What types of cells cover the villi

A

Goblet cells and enterocytes(microvilli epithelium)

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5
Q

What is the apical membrane where microvilli are on enterocytes called

A

Brush border membrane

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6
Q

Which areas does digestion of carbs lipids and proteins take place

A

Lumen

Apical brush border membrane

Cytosol of enterocytes

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7
Q

Where does absorption take place eg of carbs lipids water naCl

A

At enterocytes

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8
Q

Where are secretions of fluid and naCl happening

A

Crypt

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9
Q

Which polysaccharides does amylase from liver work on

A

Glycogen and starch

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10
Q

What does amylase convert glycogen and starch into

A

Dextrins - short chains of glucose

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11
Q

Where are disaccharides broken down and which enzymes

A

Brush border membrane

Maltase, sucrase , lactase

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12
Q

After digestion by brush border membranes, what monosaccharides are absorbed into the blood down enterocytes

A

Galactose fructose and glucose

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13
Q

Why can amylase only convert starch and glycogen into disaccharides and not mono

A

Because amylase is an endo enzyme so can’t break external bonds

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14
Q

How do glucose and galactose get through the apical membrane

A

Na cotransporter

Higher na outside of the cells

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15
Q

What is the na glucose transporter called

A

SGLT1

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16
Q

How is the na removed out of the cell when cotransported in

A

K/na ATPase on baso lateral membrane

17
Q

How does glucose and galactose and fructose get removed out the baso lateral membrane

A

Glut 2 (facilitated diffusion)

18
Q

How is fructose transport into the apical membrane different

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT5

Exit via glut 2

19
Q

What digests proteins in the lumen

A

Pancreatic and gastric proteases

20
Q

Which gastric protease is an endopeptidase in lumen

A

Pepsin

21
Q

Which pancreatic protease is both an endo and exo peptidase in lumen

A

Trypsin

22
Q

What kind of enzymes are those in brush border and cytosol

A

Endo exo and dipeptidases

23
Q

What gets absorbed if the epithelium isn’t leaky (proteins)

A

Peptides via AT

Amino acids via SAT

24
Q

What allows for active transport of peptides into apical membrane

A

Low ph (high H) on outside

H is used for energy to carry peptides in to cytosol

25
Q

What happens to the peptides in the cytosol

A

Broken down by the exo endo and dipeptidases

AA then FD out

26
Q

How is the NA gradient outside used to move amino acids

A

Co transport SAT

27
Q

What is the na amino acid co transporter called

A

Pep T1

28
Q

How do amino acids cross the baso lateral membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

29
Q

How is the H gradient produced to transport peptides

A

Na/H exchanger (NHE3)

30
Q

What happens first in lipid digestion

A

Emulsification by bile salts to increase SA for gastric and pancreatic lipase

31
Q

Why is colipase needed for digestion of lipids

A

Stops bile acids inhibiting lipases working

32
Q

What are lipids broken down into

A

Monoglycerides and 2 fatty acids

33
Q

Which aggregate structure forms around the monoglycerides and fatty acids (hydrophilic glycerol protection)

A

Micelles

34
Q

Other than monoglycerides and fa what else is there in micelles

A

Cholesterol
Lipid soluble vitamins eg a d e k
Bile salts

35
Q

How do monoglycerides and fa get into enterocytes apical membrane

A

Passive diffusion (lipophillic)

36
Q

How does cholesterol get transported into enterocytes

A

Carrier protein

37
Q

Why can FA diffuse passively

A

Higher conc of free fa outside due to re esterification at the SER

38
Q

What forms at the SER from the esterification of cholesterol monoglycerides and fa and proteins

A

Chylomicrons

39
Q

How are chylomicrons transported into the lymph vessels

A

Golgi vesicles

Physiology (31 decks)

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