Respiratory drugs Flashcards
What are diseases of the lower respiratory tract?
COPD, Asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis
What is bronchial asthma?
This is recurrent and reversible shortness of breath that occurs as a result of the airways of the lungs becoming more narrow
What is an asthma attack and what is it called if its prologed?
Asthma attacks are sudden onsets of asthma and prolonged asthma attacks that don’t respond to drug therapy is called status asthmaticus
What is COPD?
This is a respiratory disorder where there is chronic limited airflow, systematic manifestations, and significant comorbidities
What is chronic bronchitis?
This is when there is a cough and sputum for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years
What are bronchodialtors and what are the three classes within this?
They relax the bronchial smooth musclewhich casues dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles that were narrowed by the disease. The three classes of bronchodilators are beta adrenergic agonist, anticholinergics, and xanthine derivatives
What are the two main types of beta adrenergic agonist and give examples
SHort acting beta agonist(Salbutamol or Ventolin) and long-acting beat agonist (salmeterol or serevent)
What is budesonide/formeterol fumarate dihydrate (symbicort)?
It is a long acting beta agonist and glucocorticoid steroid combination inhaler that is used as a reliever or rescue treatment for severe asthma
What do beta-adrenergic agonists do?
They are used during asthma attacks, and they reduce airway constriction to restore airflow
What are the three subtypes of beta adrenergic agonists
non-selective adrenergics, nonselective beta adrenergics, and selective beta 2 drugs
What is the MOA of beta-adrenergic drugs
These drugs bind onto beta 2 receptors and cause the relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchial dilation and increased airflow
What are the contraindications of beta-adrenergic agonists?
Known drug allergies, uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmias, and high risk of stroke
What are the adverse effects of beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic agonsits?
Tachycardia, tremor, anginal pain, vascular headache
What are some drug interactions to be aware of for beta-adrenergic agonists?
nonselective beta-blockers, MAOIs, sympathomimetics,
What type of drug is salbutamol sulphate(ventolin), and what routes is it given in?
It is a short-acting beta 2 specific broncho-dilating beta agonist
What type of drug is salmeterol (Serevent) and how should it never be used?
It is a long acting beta 2 agonist bronchodilator
What type of drug is salmeterol (Serevent) and how should it never be used?
It is a long acting beta 2 agonist bronchodilator. It should never be used alone but should be used with an inhaled glucosteroid
What is the mechanism of action for anticholinergic drugs?
They bind to ACh receptors preventing bronchoconstriction from occuring
What are the main anticholinergic drugs and what are its indications
Atrovent, and spiriva. The indications are prevention of bronchospasms
What are some adverse effects of anticholinergics?
Drying effect, heart palpitations, urinary retention, INCREASED INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE,
What is the mechanism of action for xanthine derivatives?
It increases cAMP levels, casues smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilator, and increased airflow
What are some effects of xanthine derivatives?
Causes bronchodilation resulting in relief of bronchospasms, stimulates the CNS, and increases the force of contraction of the heart and heart rate causing increased blood flow
What are some indications for xanthine derivatives?
Mild to moderate acute asthma, management of COPD
What are the contraindications of xanthine derivatives?
Known drug allergy, uncontrolled cardiac dysryithmia, seizures, hyperthyroidism
What are adverse effects of xanthine effects?
GERD, tachycardia, hyperglycemia,
What are examples of xanthine derivatives?
Caffeine, and theophylline
What are important non-bronchodilating respiratory drugs?
Leukotrene receptor antagonists (montelukast, and zafirlukast) and corticosteroids
What is the MOA leukotriene receptor antagonists?
They inhibit the action of leukotriene, which constricts the bronchioles and causes inflammation
What are the indications of leukotriene receptor antagonists?
Long-term treatment and prevention of asthma, doesn’t treat asthma attacks, montelukast can treat rhinitis
What are the contraindications for leukotriene receptor antagonists?
Allergy to the drug, allergy to povidone, lactose, titanium dioxide.
What is the MOA of corticosteroids?
They reduce inflammation and enhance the activity of beta-agonists causing increased effects of beta agonists on beta 2 receptors
What are three examples of inhaled corticosteroids?
Beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone
What are the indications for inhaled corticosteroids?
Persistent asthma, use with beta adrenergic agonists, acute or severe asthma
What are the contraindications for inhaled corticosteroids?
Drug allergy, hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids, patients with fungal infection
Inhaled corticosteroid adverse effects?
Pharyngeal irritation, coughing, dry mouth, ORAL FUNGAL INFECTION
What are drug interactions for corticosteroids?
Drug interactions happen with oral corticosteroids more than the inhaled version. Increases serum glucose levels, so adjustment for diabetic patients
What are things that may help with symptoms of COPD
Avoiding irritants, drinking fluids, avoid excessive fatigue
What are some patient education techniques related to respiratory drugs
Ensuring a patient knows how to use an inhaler and getting them to demonstrate how to use the devices
What happens when salbutamol is used too frequently?
beta 2 receptors lose sensitivity to the drug and beta q receptors stimulated more casuing adverse effects
What type of asthma is leukotrine receptor agonists used for?
It is uised for long term management of asthma not acute asthma
What is a contraindication of xanthine derivatives and in what cases should you be cautious of using it?
Contraindication is history of peptic ulcer and GI disorders. Caution should be taken with people with a cardiac disease.
