antibiotics 1

Question 1

What is the difference between gram-positive and negative bacteria

Answer 1

Gram negative cell walls are more complex with multiple layers while gram positive is simpler.

Question 2

What is the difference between community-acquired infections and healthcare-associated infections?

Answer 2

community acquired is an infection that happens outside of a hospital while healthcare associated is when the infection happens 48 hours after admission

Question 3

What are some preventions for healthcare associated infections?

Answer 3

Hanwashing, antiseptics, and disinfectants

Question 4

What are antibiotic medications and how do we determine if they should be administered

Answer 4

These are medications used to treat bacterial infections. We should culture the area of infection to determine the cause of infection before administering antibiotics

Question 5

What are the differences between empiric therapy, definitive therapy, and prophylactic therapy

Answer 5

Empric therapy is when treatment happens before we know what causes the infection, definitive therapy is when antibiotic is given because of cear evidence of bacteria, and prophylactic treating to prevent bacterial infection

Question 6

What is therapeutic responce and subtherapeutic responce

Answer 6

Therapeutic response is when sigs and symtpoms associated with the infection subsides while subtherapeutic repsoce means there is no change in the signs and symptoms after treatment

Question 7

What are the 8 classes for antibiotic treatment?

Answer 7

Sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines.

Question 8

What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

Answer 8

Bactericidal is the lysis of the bacteria, while bacteriostatic is when the bacteria are prevented from continuing to grow.

Question 9

What is the mechanism of action for sulfonamides?

Answer 9

They prevent bacteria synthesis of folic acid and have a bacteriostatic effect.

Question 10

What is an example of sulfonamides, and what is it often combined with?

Answer 10

Sulfamethoxazole is often combined with trimethoprim and is called SMX-TMP

Question 11

What are the indications for sulfonamides?

Answer 11

Treatment of UTI and gram-positive and negative bacterial infection

Question 12

What is a main adverse effect of sulfonamides and what should it be taken with?

Answer 12

It should be taken with food and water to prevent crystalluria

Question 13

What are the two examples of natural penicillins?

Answer 13

Penicillin G and V

Question 14

What is the main example of penicillinase-resistant drugs

Answer 14

Cloxacillin sodium

Question 15

What are the two examples of aminopenicillins?

Answer 15

Amoxicillin and ampicillin

Question 16

What b lactamase inhibitors used for and what are two examples?

Answer 16

They are used for bacterias that are able to destroy penicillins two examples are clavulanic acid and tazobactam

Question 17

What is an example of extended spectrum penicillin?

Answer 17

Piperacillin tazobactam

Question 18

What is the mechanism of action for penicillins?

Answer 18

They enter the bacteria cell wall and affect cell wall synthesis causing the cell to lyse

Question 19

What is the main indication for penicillin?

Answer 19

Gram positive bacteria infection

Question 20

What are things penicillins shouldnt be given with?

Answer 20

Citrus fruit juice, tomato juice, caffeine colas

Question 21

What are cephalosporins?

Answer 21

They are broad-spectrum antibiotics that have a bactericidal effect and are similar to penicillins

Question 22

What are first-generation cephalosporins, and what are two examples?

Answer 22

They are cepalosporins that are used for surgical prophylaxis and have good gram-positive coverage but suck with gram-negative. Examples are cephalexin and cefazolin

Question 23

What are second-generation cephalosporins, and what are two examples?

Answer 23

They have good gram positive coverage and better gram negative coverage than first generation. Examples are cefoxitin and cefuroxime

Question 24

What are third-generation cephalosporins?

Answer 24

They are the most potent against gram negative bacteria and less effective against gram positive bacteria

Question 25

What are two examples of third generation cephalosporins?

Answer 25

Ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone

Question 26

What are fourth generation cephalosporins and what is the main example?

Answer 26

They have a broader spectrum of treatment than third-generation with gram-positive bacteria. The main example would be cefepime hydrochloride.

Question 27

What are carbapenems?

Answer 27

This is the broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotic and is used for body cavity and connective tissue infection

Question 28

What is the main example of carbapenems

Answer 28

Imipenem/cliastatin

Question 29

What three examples of macrolides?

Answer 29

Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

Question 30

WHat is the MOA of macrolides?

Answer 30

They are bacteriostatic antibiotics that prevent protein synthesis within the bacteria. In high doses they are considered bactriacidal

Question 31

What are two examples of tetracyclines

Answer 31

Doxycycline Hyclate, and tigecycline

Question 32

What are tetracyclines

Answer 32

They are wide-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics that stop essential functions of the bacteria

Question 33

What are the main adverse effects of tetracyclines?

Answer 33

Teeth discolouration and bone development issues during pregnancy

Question 34

What group of antibiotics is important to be given with water and food?

Answer 34

Sulfonamides

Question 35

Should penicillin be given with juice?

Answer 35

It should not be given with juice because the acidity will affect the drug’s effectiveness