antibiotics 1 Flashcards
What is the difference between gram-positive and negative bacteria
Gram negative cell walls are more complex with multiple layers while gram positive is simpler.
What is the difference between community-acquired infections and healthcare-associated infections?
community acquired is an infection that happens outside of a hospital while healthcare associated is when the infection happens 48 hours after admission
What are some preventions for healthcare associated infections?
Hanwashing, antiseptics, and disinfectants
What are antibiotic medications and how do we determine if they should be administered
These are medications used to treat bacterial infections. We should culture the area of infection to determine the cause of infection before administering antibiotics
What are the differences between empiric therapy, definitive therapy, and prophylactic therapy
Empric therapy is when treatment happens before we know what causes the infection, definitive therapy is when antibiotic is given because of cear evidence of bacteria, and prophylactic treating to prevent bacterial infection
What is therapeutic responce and subtherapeutic responce
Therapeutic response is when sigs and symtpoms associated with the infection subsides while subtherapeutic repsoce means there is no change in the signs and symptoms after treatment
What are the 8 classes for antibiotic treatment?
Sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines.
What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?
Bactericidal is the lysis of the bacteria, while bacteriostatic is when the bacteria are prevented from continuing to grow.
What is the mechanism of action for sulfonamides?
They prevent bacteria synthesis of folic acid and have a bacteriostatic effect.
What is an example of sulfonamides, and what is it often combined with?
Sulfamethoxazole is often combined with trimethoprim and is called SMX-TMP
What are the indications for sulfonamides?
Treatment of UTI and gram-positive and negative bacterial infection
What is a main adverse effect of sulfonamides and what should it be taken with?
It should be taken with food and water to prevent crystalluria
What are the two examples of natural penicillins?
Penicillin G and V
What is the main example of penicillinase-resistant drugs
Cloxacillin sodium
What are the two examples of aminopenicillins?
Amoxicillin and ampicillin
What b lactamase inhibitors used for and what are two examples?
They are used for bacterias that are able to destroy penicillins two examples are clavulanic acid and tazobactam
What is an example of extended spectrum penicillin?
Piperacillin tazobactam
What is the mechanism of action for penicillins?
They enter the bacteria cell wall and affect cell wall synthesis causing the cell to lyse
What is the main indication for penicillin?
Gram positive bacteria infection
What are things penicillins shouldnt be given with?
Citrus fruit juice, tomato juice, caffeine colas
What are cephalosporins?
They are broad-spectrum antibiotics that have a bactericidal effect and are similar to penicillins
What are first-generation cephalosporins, and what are two examples?
They are cepalosporins that are used for surgical prophylaxis and have good gram-positive coverage but suck with gram-negative. Examples are cephalexin and cefazolin
What are second-generation cephalosporins, and what are two examples?
They have good gram positive coverage and better gram negative coverage than first generation. Examples are cefoxitin and cefuroxime
What are third-generation cephalosporins?
They are the most potent against gram negative bacteria and less effective against gram positive bacteria
What are two examples of third generation cephalosporins?
Ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone
What are fourth generation cephalosporins and what is the main example?
They have a broader spectrum of treatment than third-generation with gram-positive bacteria. The main example would be cefepime hydrochloride.
What are carbapenems?
This is the broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotic and is used for body cavity and connective tissue infection
What is the main example of carbapenems
Imipenem/cliastatin
What three examples of macrolides?
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin
WHat is the MOA of macrolides?
They are bacteriostatic antibiotics that prevent protein synthesis within the bacteria. In high doses they are considered bactriacidal
What are two examples of tetracyclines
Doxycycline Hyclate, and tigecycline
What are tetracyclines
They are wide-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics that stop essential functions of the bacteria
What are the main adverse effects of tetracyclines?
Teeth discolouration and bone development issues during pregnancy
What group of antibiotics is important to be given with water and food?
Sulfonamides
Should penicillin be given with juice?
It should not be given with juice because the acidity will affect the drug’s effectiveness
