Respiratory control Flashcards
What are the two types of chemoreceptor?
Central and peripheral
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?
In the aortic arch and carotid body
What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
O2, CO2, H+ concentrations
What nerves detect peripheral chemoreceptor activation?
IX, X
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
Pontomedullary junction
What do central chemoreceptors detect?
H+ in the CSF which is present through the dissociation of CO2 which has diffused through the BBB
What are the three types of pulmonary stretch receptors?
Slowly adapting, rapidly adapting, juxtapulmonary
Where are slowly adapting stretch receptors located?
Airway smooth muscle
What do slowly adapting stretch receptors detect, and what is their action?
Stretch of the airway smooth muscle, causing inhibition of inspiration
Where are rapidly adapting stretch receptors located?
Airway epithelial cells
What do rapidly adapting stretch receptors detect, and what is their action?
Detect changes in volume or irritants, and cause bronchoconstriction or cough reflex
Where are juxtapulmonary receptors detected?
Parallel to pulmonary blood vessels
What do juxtapulmonary stretch receptors detect and what is their action?
Irritants, lung volume, interstitial fluid vol and noxious agents, causing bronchoconstriction and rapid shallow breathing
What is the pre-botzinger complex?
Pacemaker cells in the superior ventral respiratory group, acting as a breathing rhythm generator
What are the two pontine respiratory groups?
Pneumotaxic and apneustic centres
What does increased innervation of the pneumotaxic centre cause?
Shallower ventilation with increased frequency
What is the normal action of the pneumotaxic centre?
Time dependant inhibition of the apneustic centre to allow for expiration
What is the normal action of the apneustic centre?
Adjust inspiration and increase inspiratory intensity
Where is the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups?
In the medulla
What is the action of the dorsal respiratory group?
Stimulation of diaphragm and external intercostals, sends signals to ventral respiratory group (active during inspiration)
What is the action of the ventral respiratory group?
Centre for forced inspiration and expiration, stimulates accessory muscles of ventilation and inhibits apneustic centre. (active in both inspiration and expiration)
