Intro and CVS Anatomy Flashcards
What is the sagittal plane?
A vertical line which divides the body into a left section and a right section
What is the coronal plane?
a vertical line which divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section
What is the transverse plane?
a horizontal line which divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.
What is flexion?
a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
What is extension?
a movement that increases the angle between two body parts
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline
What is medial rotation?
A rotational movement towards the midline
What is lateral rotation?
A rotating movement away from the midline
What is elevation?
Movement in a superior direction
What is depression?
Movement in an inferior direction
What is supination?
Moving into the supine position
What is pronation?
Moving into the prone position
What is dorsiflexion?
Flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly
What is plantarflexion?
Extension at the ankle so that the foot points inferiorly
What is inversion?
Movement of teh sole towards the median plane
What is eversion?
Movement of the sole away from the median plane
What is opposition?
Bringing the thumb and little finger together
What is reposition?
Moving the thumb and little finger away from each other
What is protraction?
the anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall that allows the shoulder to move anteriorly.
What is retraction?
the posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall, which causes the shoulder region to move posteriorly
What is the region of the superior mediastinum?
From the sternal angle to the superior thoracic aperture
What is the region of the inferior mediastinum?
From the sternal angle to the diaphragm
What are the borders of the superior mediastinum?
Superior – Thoracic inlet. Inferior – Continuous with the inferior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle. Anterior – Manubrium of the sternum. Posterior – Vertebral bodies of T1-4. Lateral – Pleurae of the lungs.
What is the path of the path of the right vagus nerve?
Runs parallel to the trachea and passes posteriorly to the superior vena cava and the right primary bronchus
What is the path of the left vagus nerve?
enters the superior mediastinum between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. It descends anteriorly to the aortic arch, before travelling posterior to the left bronchus.
Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve arise from?
The left vagus nerve as it passes the aortic arch.
What are the roots of the phernic nerve?
C3,C4,C5
Where do the cardiac nerve origionate from?
The superior, middle and inferior cardiac ganglion
Where does the superior cardiac plexus sit?
Between the aortic arch and right pulmonary vein
Where does the deep cardiac plexus sit?
Lies on the surface of the trachea at the point of bifurcation
Where is the thymus gland?
Against the posterior surface of the sternum- can often reach into the neck
Where does the oesophagus join the pharynx?
The level of C6
What are the borders of the anterior mediastinum?
Lateral borders: Mediastinal pleura (part of the parietal pleural membrane).
Anterior border: Body of the sternum and the transversus thoracis muscles.
Posterior border: Pericardium.
Roof: Continuous with the superior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle.
Floor: Diaphragm.
What are the borders of the middle mediastinum?
Anterior: Anterior margin of the pericardium.
Posterior: Posterior border of the pericardium.
Laterally: Mediastinal pleura of the lungs.
Superiorly: Imaginary line extending between the sternal angle (the angle formed by the junction of the sternal body and manubrium) and the T4 vertebrae.
Inferiorly: Superior surface of the diaphragm
What are the sympathetic nerves in the cardiac plexus derived from?
T1-T4
What is the parasympathetic innervation to the cardiac plexus?
The vagus nerve
What are the borders of the posterior mediastinum?
Lateral: Mediastinal pleura (part of the parietal pleural membrane).
Anterior: Pericardium.
Posterior: T5-T12 vertebrae.
Roof: Imaginary line extending between the sternal angle (the angle formed by the junction of the sternal body and manubrium) and the T4 vertebrae.
Floor: Diaphragm.
Where does the thoracic duct originate?
The cisterna Chyli in the abdomen
Where does the thoracic duct lie?
Anterior to the T6-T12 vertibrae
What is the azygous vein formed from?
The union of the right lumbar vein and the right subcostal vein.
What is the hemiazygos vein formed form?
The union of the left lumbar vein and left subcostal vein.
What is the accessory hemiaxygos vein formed from?
The union of the fourth to eighth intercostal veins. It drains into the azygous vein at T7.
Initially how wide is the aorta?
An inch
What are the four sections of the aorta?
The ascending aorta
The Aortic arch
The thoracic aorta
The abdominal aorta
Where does the aorta terminate?
L4
How long is the ascending aorta?
2 inches
How is the aortic arch connected to the pulmonary trunk?
The ligamentum arteriosum
What are the three major branches arising from the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
What are the levels of the thoracic (Descending) aorta?
T4 to T12
What does the brachiocephalic trunk supply?
The first and largest branch that ascends laterally to split into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. These arteries supply the right side of the head and neck, and the right upper limb.
What does the left common carotid artery supply?
The left side of the head and neck
What does the left subclavian artery supply?
The left upper limb
What are the branches of the thoaracic (descending) aorta (in descending order)?
Bronchial arteries Mediastinal arteries Oesophageal arteries Pericardial arteries Superior phrenic arteries Intercostal and subcostal arteries
What do the bronchial arteries supply?
Bronchial, peribronchial tissue and visceral pleura
What do the mediastinal arteries supply?
Lymph glands and loose areolar tissue
What do the oesophageal arteries supply?
Oesophagus
What do the pericardial arteries supply?
The superior portion of the diaphragm
What do the intercostal arteries supply?
The intercostal spaces
What do the subcostal arteries supply?
The flat abdominal wall muscles
What are the branches of the abdominal aorta in descending order?
Inferior phrenic arteries Coeliac artery Superior mesenteric artery Middle suprarenal arteries Renal arteries Gonadal arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Median sacral artery Lumbar arteries
Where do the inferior phrenic arteries arise from the descending aorta?
posterior T12
What do the inferior phrenic arteries supply?
The diaphragm
Where does the coeliac artery arise from the descending aorta?
anterior T12
Where does the superior mesenteric artery arise from the descending aorta?
anterior of L1
Where do the middle suprarenal arteries arise from the descending aorta?
posterior L1
Where do the renal arteries arise from the descending aorta?
Laterally between L1 and L2
Where do the gonadal arteries arise from the descending aorta?
Laterally at L2
Where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from the descending aorta?
Anterior L3
Where does the median sacral artery arise from the descending aorta?
Posterior L4
Where do the lumbar arteries arise from the descending aorta?
Posterolaterally between the levels of L1 and L4
What does the coeliac artery supply?
Liver, Stomach, Abdominal oesophagus, spleen, superior duodenum and the superior pancreas
Where does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
Distal duodenum, jejuoileum, ascending colon and part of the transverse colon
Where does the middle suprarenal arteries supply?
Adrenal glands
Where do the renal arteries supply?
The kidneys
Where do the gonadal arteries supply?
in males- the testicular artery
in females- the ovarian artery
Where do the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
The large intestine from the splenic flexure to the upper part of the rectum
Where does the median sacral artery supply?
Coccyx, lumbar vertebrae, and the sacrum
Where do the lumbar arteries supply?
The abdominal wall and spinal cord
What are the branches of the coeliac trunk?
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
What does the left gastric artery supply?
Stomach, adjacent portion of oesophagus
What does the splenic artery supply?
Spleen, stomach, pancreas
What does the common hepatic artery supply?
Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas
What is an aortic aneurysm?
A dilation of the aortic artery to more than 1.5 its original size.
Why may patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm experience a hoarse voice?
The dilation stretching the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is the diameter of the superior vena cava?
Up to 2cm
How long is the superior vena cava?
Approx 7cm
What unites to form the superior vena cava?
The right and left brachiocephalic vein
What are the causes of a raised jugular venous pressure?
Right-sided heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and SVC obstruction
At what level does the superior vena cava recieve the azygous vein?
T4
What tributaries does the SVC receive from minor vein groups?
Mediastinal veins
Oesophageal veins
Pericardial veins
What is Pemberton’s test?
A test to assess SVC obstruction.
The patient is asked to raise both arms above their head- a positive test is indicated if facial oedema or cyanosis occurs after approximately 1 minute