Respiratory 3 Upper Resp Conditions

Question 1

Problems of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Answer 1

Deviated septum 
Nasal fracture 
Rhinoplasty
Epistaxis
Allergic rhinitis 
Acute viral rhinitis
Influenza
Sinusitis

Question 2

Deviated septum u

Answer 2

Displacement of the cartilage that normally divides the nose symmetrically

Question 3

Nasal fracture

Answer 3

Common facial fracture, by blunt trauma

Question 4

Rhinoplasty

Answer 4

Surgical reconstruction of a nasal deformity. Can be performed for cosmetic reasons or to improve airway function caused by nasal obstruction

Question 5

Epistaxis

Answer 5

Rupture of a blood vessel in the nasal mucosa
Caused by low humidity, allergies, URTI, sinusitis, trauma, ht, foreign body, chemical irrigabnts, tumour, nasal surgery, anatomical malformation and overuse of nasal decongestant

Question 6

Allergic rhinitis

Answer 6

Inflammatory reaction of the nasal mucosa in response to the presence of an allergen

Question 7

Acute viral rhinitis

Answer 7

The common cold. Inflammatory response to an infection of the urt which can be caused by 200 different viruses

Question 8

Influenza

Answer 8

Contagious respiratory illness

Question 9

Sinusitis

Answer 9

Affects approx 12.5 of people when inflammation ir hypertrophy of the mucosa blocking the opening in the sinuses it

Question 10

Epistaxis management

Answer 10

Reassure and calm patient
Place in upright position
Apply direct pressure by pinching the entire lower portion of the nose fo 10-15 minutes
Application of ice may encourage vasoconstriction

Question 11

Allergic rhinitis

Patho physiology

Answer 11

Inflammation reaction of the nasal mucusa in response to allergens presence

Classified as seasonal, perennial or frequency( episodic, intermitted, persistent)

Question 12

Allergic rhinitis symptoms

Answer 12

Sneezing, watert eyes and itchy eyes a d nose
Altered sense of smell
Nasal discharge

Question 13

Allergic rhinitis management

Answer 13

Identify and ackid triggers
Desensitasion ( immunotherapy) can ve effective but requires careful patient selection and administration

Drug therapies that ain to reduce inflammation, nasal symptoms and maximises quality if life

Question 14

Causes of allergic rhinitis time

Answer 14

House dust
Dust mites
Pet allergens
Pollens
Mold spores
Smoke

Question 15

Drugs

Answer 15

Corticosteroids 
Mass cell stabilizer
Anticholinergics 
Antihistamines (1 and 2)
Decongestants

Question 16

Corticosteroids
Types
Action
Effects

Answer 16

Beclomethasone
Budesonide
Fluticasone

Inhibits inflammatory response

Mild transient nasal burning and stinging, musical drying . In rare occasions, localised fungi infected eith candida albucans

Question 17

Mast cell stabiliser

Answer 17

Sodium cromoglicate spray

Blocks nasal cholinergic receptors, reducing nasal secretions in common cold and non-allergic rhinitis

Nasal dryness and irritation may occur

Question 18

Antihistamines(1st generation)

Answer 18

Brompheniramine
Chlorpheniramine

Bind h1 receptors on target cells, blocking histamine binding. Relieve acute symptoms of allergic response

Cross blood-brain barrier, frequently causing sedation and somnolence
Can cause paradoxical stimulation ( restlessness, insomnia)
Anticholinergics effects( palpitations, dry mouth, constipation)

Question 19

Antihistamine ( 2nd generation drugs)

Answer 19

Loratadine
Cetirizine
Fexofenadine

Bind with h1 receptors on target cells, blocking histamjne binding. Relieve acute signs of allergic response

Limited affinity for brain h1 receptors. Cause minimal sedation, few effects in psyhcomotor activities or bladder function

Question 20

Decongestant

Answer 20

Pseudoephidrine

Stimulated adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, promote vasoconstriction and reduce nasal congestion

Cns stimulation, causing insomnia, excitation, headache, irritability, increased bp, and ocular pressure, dysuria, palpitation, tachycardia

Question 21

Obstructrion of the nose and sinuses

Answer 21

Nasal polyps

Foreign bodies

Question 22

Nasal polyps

Answer 22

Soft, painless, benign growth that form slowly in response to repeated inflammation of the sinus or nasal mucosa. They can be removed with endoscopic surgery but reoccurrence is common

Question 23

Foreign bodies

Answer 23

Inorganic and organic objects can cause pain, difficulty breathing and nasal bleeding. Sneezing or blowing the nise wjth the opposite nostril closed is often effective in removal of foreign bodies

Question 24

Problems with pharynx

Answer 24

Acute pharyngitis

Peritonsillar abscess

Question 25

Acute pharyngitis

Answer 25

Acute inflammation of the pharyngeal walls. Can be caused by viral, bacterial or fungal causes. Viral more common

Question 26

Peritonsillar abscess

Answer 26

Complication of acute pharyngitis most often caused by b-haemolytic strepcocci. Causes pain swelling and possibly obstruction of the throat, threatening the airway
Intravenous antibiotics are needed along eith needle aspiration