Heart 4 Coronary Artery Disorder

Question 1

Coronary artery disease (cad)

Answer 1

Blood vessel disorder
Cad refers to the pathological changes within the coronary artery walls that diminish blood flow through these 3 mechanisms

Question 2

3 mechanism dimish blood flow

Answer 2

Vascular spasm
Formation of atherosclerosis
Thromboembolism ( complication of atherosclerosis)

Question 3

Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Can occur in any artery in the body
Is a progressive, degenerative disease of the arteries that leads to occlusion of the affected vessel/s and subsequent reduces oxygen delivery to tissue

Question 4

Same disease process

Answer 4

Ischeamic heart disease, coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease, are the terms that are commonly used to describe the same disease process

Question 5

Pathogensis of atherosclerosis

Answer 5

Chronic endotelial injury
Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Complicated lesions

Question 6

Chronic endothelial injury

Answer 6

Hypertension 
Tobacco use
Hyperlipidaemia
Diabetes
Toxins

Question 7

Fatty streak

Answer 7

Lipids accumulate and migrate into smooth muscle cells

Question 8

Fibrous plaque

Answer 8

Collagen covers the fatty streak
Vessel lumen is narrowed
Blood flow is reduced
Fissures can develop

Question 9

Complicated lesion

Answer 9

Plaque rupture
Thrombus formation
Further narrowing or total occlusion of vessel

Question 10

Lipids

Answer 10

To be utilised by the body they must be combine with proteins to become soluble (lipoprotein

Question 11

Types of lipoprotein

Answer 11

High density lipoproteins
Low density lipoprotein
Very low density lipoprotein

Question 12

Hdl has

Answer 12

More protein and less lipids than any other lipoprotein

Hdl is higher in women, decreases with age and are low in people with cad

Question 13

Ldl and vldl

Answer 13

Are higher in cholesterol than protein and vdld contains triglycerides

Question 14

Elevated cholesterol and triglycerides

Answer 14

In blood greatly increases the chance of myocardial infarction or cerebral vascular accident

Question 15

Hdl process

Answer 15

Carries lipids away from the arteries to the liver

Liver processes lipids abd partially excretes them

Question 16

Ldl use

Answer 16

Attracted and attaches to arterial walls

Results in increased risk kf cad

Question 17

Goal hdl and ldl

Answer 17

More than 1

Less than 1.8 mmol/l

Question 18

Angina

Answer 18

Chest pain is the mainsign of reversible myocardial ischaemia and results from stable atherosclerosis plaques that cause stenosis of coronary artery

Question 19

Pain occurs in agina when

Answer 19

Increased demand for oxygen

Decreased supply for oxygen

Question 20

Precipitating factors of angina

Answer 20

Physical exertion 
Temperature extremes
Strong emotions 
Consumption of heavy meal
Tobacco use
Sexual activity 
Stimulants
Circadian rhythm pattern

Question 21

Acute coronary syndrome

Answer 21

When ischaemia is prolonged and not immediately reversible, acs develops and is an umbrella term that refers to 3 main clinical signs

Question 22

3 signs if acute coronary syndrome

Answer 22

Unstable angina
Non-st-segment elevation myocardial infarction
St-segment-elevation myocardial infarction

Question 23

Prevalence of coronary heart disease

Answer 23

Commonly in older age group 75

Indigenous, remote and lowest socioeconomic areas

Question 24

Risk factors of ca

Answer 24

Modifiable

Non-modifable

Question 25

Modifiable risk factors of cad

Answer 25

Elevated serum lipids
Hypertension 
Tobacco use
Physical inactivity 
Obesity 
Diabetes 
Metabolic syndrome 
Psychological states
C-reactive protein 
Homocysteine

Question 26

Non-modifiable factors of cad

Answer 26

Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Genetics
Family history of heart disease 
C-reactive protein 
Homocysteine