Lower Respiratory 4a Flashcards
Lower respiratory tract
Acute bronchitis
Pertussis
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis (tb)
Acute bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi
Pertussis
Whooping cough
Pneumonia
Acute infection of the lung
Tuberculosis
Infectious diseases caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pneumonia causes
Bacteria, mycoplasma organisms, fungi, parasites, chemicals
Ypes of pneumonia
Community acquired pneumonia
Medical care-associated pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Opportunistic pneumonia
Community acquired pneumonia
Occurs in patient who has not been hospitalised within 14 days of onset symptoms
Medical care associated pneumonia
Hospitised associated pneumonia, ventilator associated pneumonia and healthcare-associated pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia symptoms are
Cap or mcap
Occurs when stomach or mouth contents enter trachea and lungs
Opportunistic pneumonia disease
Occurs in individuals with risks
Patho physiology of pneumonia occurs
Normal inflammatory response can have serious consequences for the lung tissue
Specifd pathological changes relate to the causative organism
Most organism trigger an inflammatory response in the lung, resulting in a vascular reaction and neutrophil activation. Aling with fluid from surrounding blood vessel this fills the alveoli and causes decreased gas exchange
Assessment of severity for cap
Using tools like curb-65
Curb 65
Confusion U: BUN >30 mg/dl R : respiratory rate>30?breaths per min B bp systolic bo <90 d bp <60 Higher than 64 yo
Score curb 65
0- treat at hoke
1-2 consider hospital admission
3 or more hospital admission
4-5 considerations to icu
Signs of pneumonia
Cough Fever Chills Dyspnoea Tachypnoea Cyanosis Headache Purulent sputum Confusion Fatugue Anorexia Abdominal pain Chest pain Hypothermia
Complications of pneumonia
Pluerisy Pleural effusion Atelectasis Lung abscess Empyema Pericarditis Meningitis Sepsis Acute respiratory failure Pneumothorax Empyema Cardiovascular event
Causes of pneumonia children
Virus
Pneumococcus
Myoplasma
Other
Previously fit adults cause pneumonia
H influenza Viruses Legionella Mycoplasma Staphylococcus Others
Previous respiratory illness cause pneumonia
Pnuemkcocus
H influenza
Staphylococcus
Klebsiell
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Gran- negative bacteria Staphylococcus Pneumococus Anearovic bacteria Nb aspiration pneumonia
Diagnosis of pneumonia
History and physical examination Chest x ray and imaging Gram stain of sputum Sputum c&s Blood tests
Management of pneumonia
Early identification and referral to hospital antibiotic therapy Respiratory support Increase fluid intake Antipyretic Rest Analgesic Education
Pneumonia prevention
Pneumovas vaccinatiob
Educate abkut good health hanits
Identify petients at risk
Pneumovas vaccination
Age less than 65
2-65 with chronic conditions
19-65 asthma or smike
Long term facilities
Identify patients at risk
Abdominal surgery Mechanical ventilation More than 65 Smoker Chronic disease Iv drug use Invasive lines
Inflammation response to pneumonia
1.) attraction of neutrophil
2 inflammation mediators
3 accumulation of fibrous exudates rbs
A alveolar filled with debris
Increased production of mucous
Decrease gas exhange
Resolution of infection
Macrophage un alveoli ingest and remove devris
Normal tissue restored
Gas exchange return to normal
