Respiratory Flashcards
What are four functions of the respiratory system?
- Bring in oxygen to fuel cells & remove carbon dioxide
- Sound production -> air through vocal folds
- Smell -> air past receptor cells in nasal cavity
- Protection via coughing & sneezing to keep airways clear
Where does external respiration take place?
Air to red blood cells
Where does internal respiration take place?
red blood cells to tissues
Differentiate between ventilation and respiration.
Ventilation is mechanical and involves the movement of air, Respiration is physiologic and involves the exchange of gases in the alveoli and in the cells
What are the structures of the conducting zone?
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Main bronchi
- Lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
What are the structures of the respiratory zone?
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
- Cluster of alveoli = alveolar sac
What kind of epithelial tissue forms the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Why is it relatively easy to get nose bleeds?
You have a lot of tiny delicate blood vessels
Is the membrane lining the nasal cavity a serous membrane? A mucous membrane? A cutaneous membrane? Explain your answer.
Mucous membrane. This is because it is lined with a Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and a lamina propria
Which cells in the nasal cavity produce mucus?
Goblet cells
What do the cilia in the nasal cavity do?
move the particles trapped in the mucus out of the nose
What is the mucociliary escalator?
Cilia constantly moving sheets of mucus to posterior region of nasal cavity
What functions do the nasal conchae perform?
Bony ridges that create air turbulence, Flings pathogens onto mucus-lined epithelium, Warms air
The nasal receptors pass through the _________ __________ as enter nasal cavity.
cribriform plate
What forms the nasal septum?
Bone and cartilage
What do the paranasal sinuses drain through to empty into the nasal cavity?
Nasal meatus
From superior to inferior (top to bottom), list the parts of the pharynx.
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What does the epiglottis do? What happens when this mechanism fails?
Keeps food from going into the lungs, food will get into the lungs and you can aphixiate
Define glottis
the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them.
Define rima glottidis
the potential space between the vocal ligaments contained within these intrinsic ligaments and membranes
What contributes to a loud sound?
pressure from the lungs blowing across our vocal folds when they are closed.
What is laryngitis?
excess mucus and inflammation prevent proper vibration of vocal folds
What are the “Castrati” of the 1600-1800s?
Men who were castrated before puberty so their larynx never enlarged -> resulted in high pitched voice
What kind of tissue forms the trachea?
- Mucous membrane
- Submucosa with seromucous glands
- Hyaline cartilage
- Adventitia covering
- Trachealis muscle
What is the function of the C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea? What forms these rings?
- hyaline cartilage rings joined by fibroelastic CT
- Keep tracheal lumen open
What structures produce mucus in the trachea?
- Goblet cells (in epithelium)
- Seromucous glands (in submucosa)
What effect does smoking have on cilia in the trachea?
Damages and destroys
What does the trachealis muscle? The carina?
connects the free ends of the cartilages dorsally
Organize these from largest to smallest: segmental bronchi, main bronchi, bronchioles, lobar
bronchi
- Main bronchi (primary)
- Lobar bronchi ( secondary)
- Segmental bronchi (tertiary)
- Bronchioles
What kind of tissue lines the main bronchi?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which main bronchus is wider and more vertical? What is the significance of this?
Right, has 3 lobes
- How many lobes does the right lung have? How many lobar bronchi does the right lung have?
- How many lobes does the left lung have? How many lobar bronchi does the left lung have?
- Right: 3 lobes, 3 lobar bronchi
- Left: 2 lobes, 2 lobar bronchi
Each segmental bronchus serves a _______________ segment.
bronchopulmonary
What role does smooth muscle play in air flow regulation?
responsible for acute bronchoconstriction
Describe the two phases of bronchial asthma
Early phase
- Allergens, cold air, etc. cause mast cells to release
inflammatory chemicals (histamine)
- Cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscle =
bronchoconstriction
- Increase in mucus secretion in airways
Late phase (after several hours)
- white blood cells accumulate in bronchi and
bronchioles and release inflammatory chemicals ->
damage mucosa, causing increased release of
mucus
- Further increase bronchoconstriction
What are some treatments for asthma? What do they target?
Bronchodilators (counter bronchoconstriction)
Anti-inflammatories (counter inflammation)
What structures form the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Alveolar sac = alveolar duct + alveoli
What is an alveolar sac?
cluster of alveoli on a duct
What significance does the alveoli offer?
increase volume of lungs and surface area for gas exchange
What structures form the respiratory membrane?
alveolar epithelium + capillary epithelium + fused basement membranes of both epithelia
List the 4 cell types that form an alveolus and describe them
- Type I cells (simple squamous; extremely thin)
- Type II cells (cuboidal) Secrete surfactant which decreases surface tension; allows alveoli to re-inflate more easily
- Macrophages: Phagocytize inhaled particles
Move to bronchi where cilia sweep them up and out - Alveolar pores: Equalize pressure between alveoli
What causes respiratory distress syndrome? How is it treated?
Type II cells are not fully functional, Premature infants have difficulty inflating collapsed alveoli due to insufficient production of surfactant. Treatment includes supplying surfactant and oxygen
What forms a lobule?
the bronchi branch into bronchioles
