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Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are four functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Bring in oxygen to fuel cells & remove carbon dioxide
  • Sound production -> air through vocal folds
  • Smell -> air past receptor cells in nasal cavity
  • Protection via coughing & sneezing to keep airways clear
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2
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

Air to red blood cells

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3
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

red blood cells to tissues

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4
Q

Differentiate between ventilation and respiration.

A

Ventilation is mechanical and involves the movement of air, Respiration is physiologic and involves the exchange of gases in the alveoli and in the cells

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5
Q

What are the structures of the conducting zone?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Main bronchi
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory zone?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
  • Cluster of alveoli = alveolar sac
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7
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue forms the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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8
Q

Why is it relatively easy to get nose bleeds?

A

You have a lot of tiny delicate blood vessels

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9
Q

Is the membrane lining the nasal cavity a serous membrane? A mucous membrane? A cutaneous membrane? Explain your answer.

A

Mucous membrane. This is because it is lined with a Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and a lamina propria

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10
Q

Which cells in the nasal cavity produce mucus?

A

Goblet cells

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11
Q

What do the cilia in the nasal cavity do?

A

move the particles trapped in the mucus out of the nose

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12
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

A

Cilia constantly moving sheets of mucus to posterior region of nasal cavity

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13
Q

What functions do the nasal conchae perform?

A

Bony ridges that create air turbulence, Flings pathogens onto mucus-lined epithelium, Warms air

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14
Q

The nasal receptors pass through the _________ __________ as enter nasal cavity.

A

cribriform plate

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15
Q

What forms the nasal septum?

A

Bone and cartilage

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16
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses drain through to empty into the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal meatus

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17
Q

From superior to inferior (top to bottom), list the parts of the pharynx.

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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18
Q

What does the epiglottis do? What happens when this mechanism fails?

A

Keeps food from going into the lungs, food will get into the lungs and you can aphixiate

19
Q

Define glottis

A

the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them.

20
Q

Define rima glottidis

A

the potential space between the vocal ligaments contained within these intrinsic ligaments and membranes

21
Q

What contributes to a loud sound?

A

pressure from the lungs blowing across our vocal folds when they are closed.

22
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

excess mucus and inflammation prevent proper vibration of vocal folds

23
Q

What are the “Castrati” of the 1600-1800s?

A

Men who were castrated before puberty so their larynx never enlarged -> resulted in high pitched voice

24
Q

What kind of tissue forms the trachea?

A
  • Mucous membrane
  • Submucosa with seromucous glands
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Adventitia covering
  • Trachealis muscle
25
Q

What is the function of the C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea? What forms these rings?

A
  • hyaline cartilage rings joined by fibroelastic CT
  • Keep tracheal lumen open
26
Q

What structures produce mucus in the trachea?

A
  • Goblet cells (in epithelium)
  • Seromucous glands (in submucosa)
27
Q

What effect does smoking have on cilia in the trachea?

A

Damages and destroys

28
Q

What does the trachealis muscle? The carina?

A

connects the free ends of the cartilages dorsally

29
Q

Organize these from largest to smallest: segmental bronchi, main bronchi, bronchioles, lobar
bronchi

A
  • Main bronchi (primary)
  • Lobar bronchi ( secondary)
  • Segmental bronchi (tertiary)
  • Bronchioles
30
Q

What kind of tissue lines the main bronchi?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

31
Q

Which main bronchus is wider and more vertical? What is the significance of this?

A

Right, has 3 lobes

32
Q
  • How many lobes does the right lung have? How many lobar bronchi does the right lung have?
  • How many lobes does the left lung have? How many lobar bronchi does the left lung have?
A
  • Right: 3 lobes, 3 lobar bronchi
  • Left: 2 lobes, 2 lobar bronchi
33
Q

Each segmental bronchus serves a _______________ segment.

A

bronchopulmonary

34
Q

What role does smooth muscle play in air flow regulation?

A

responsible for acute bronchoconstriction

35
Q

Describe the two phases of bronchial asthma

A

Early phase
- Allergens, cold air, etc. cause mast cells to release
inflammatory chemicals (histamine)
- Cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscle =
bronchoconstriction
- Increase in mucus secretion in airways
Late phase (after several hours)
- white blood cells accumulate in bronchi and
bronchioles and release inflammatory chemicals ->
damage mucosa, causing increased release of
mucus
- Further increase bronchoconstriction

36
Q

What are some treatments for asthma? What do they target?

A

Bronchodilators (counter bronchoconstriction)
Anti-inflammatories (counter inflammation)

37
Q

What structures form the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Alveolar sac = alveolar duct + alveoli

38
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

A

cluster of alveoli on a duct

39
Q

What significance does the alveoli offer?

A

increase volume of lungs and surface area for gas exchange

40
Q

What structures form the respiratory membrane?

A

alveolar epithelium + capillary epithelium + fused basement membranes of both epithelia

41
Q

List the 4 cell types that form an alveolus and describe them

A
  • Type I cells (simple squamous; extremely thin)
  • Type II cells (cuboidal) Secrete surfactant which decreases surface tension; allows alveoli to re-inflate more easily
  • Macrophages: Phagocytize inhaled particles
    Move to bronchi where cilia sweep them up and out
  • Alveolar pores: Equalize pressure between alveoli
42
Q

What causes respiratory distress syndrome? How is it treated?

A

Type II cells are not fully functional, Premature infants have difficulty inflating collapsed alveoli due to insufficient production of surfactant. Treatment includes supplying surfactant and oxygen

43
Q

What forms a lobule?

A

the bronchi branch into bronchioles

Anatomy (18 decks)

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