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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Structures in the Alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus

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2
Q

Structures in the accessory digestive organs

A

Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Salivary glands

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3
Q

Differentiate between segmentation and peristalsis. Where does segmentation take place?
Where does peristalsis take place?

A

Segmentation
* Contractions of smooth muscle move chyme (food product being digested) back and forth within canal to allow mixing and further breakdown
Peristalsis
* An organized contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle layers that propels food through the alimentary canal in one direction

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4
Q

List and briefly describe the 6 events that occur during digestion.

A

Ingestion->food through the mouth. …
Mechanical Digestion->chewing
Chemical Digestion->saliva
Movements->food to stomach
Absorption->intestines
Elimination->leave body

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5
Q

Differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion.

A

Mechanical digestion
* Physical breakdown of food
particles
* Chewing, churning,
segmentation
Chemical digestion
* Enzymes and chemicals break down food

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6
Q

The alimentary canal is made of multiple layers of tissues. List from lumen to outermost layer, the 4 main layers of this canal

A

Lumen, Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

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7
Q

Name one organ lined with adventitia. Explain why this is the case.

A

esophagus, because it is not covered by peritoneum.

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8
Q

Compare the nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system.

A
  • Myenteric nerve plexus
    • Controls peristalsis and segmentation
    • Within muscularis externa
  • Submucosal nerve plexus
    • Controls secretions of glands &
      muscularis mucosa contractions
    • Within submucosa
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9
Q

Describe the reflex arc that occurs in the enteric nervous system.

A

sensory neurons→ interneurons → motor neurons

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10
Q

What kind(s) of digestion occur in the mouth? Elaborate.

A

both mechanical and chemical -> chewing and saliva enzymes

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11
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the oral cavity? The lips?

A

oral cavity -> squamous stratified epithelium
lips -> stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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12
Q

Which layer(s) of tissues common to the alimentary canal is/are missing from the oral cavity?

A

Muscularis Externa or serosa/adventitia

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13
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue covers the anterior surface of the tongue?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the 3 types of papillae on the tongue. Which one(s) have taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae
* Rough surface
* Fungiform and circumvallate
papillae
* Contain taste buds

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15
Q

What is another term for “tongue-tie”? What is a potential consequence of this condition?

A

ankyloglossia
* Makes saying sounds where
tongue touches teeth (letters such
as t, z, p)

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16
Q

Identify the 3 primary salivary glands and their ducts

A

Parotid gland -> upper cheek
Submandibular gland ->under tongue
Sublingual gland -> below tongue

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17
Q

What are some functions of saliva?

A
  • Moistens mouth
  • Dissolves food (so can taste)
  • Contains digestive enzymes
  • Amylase starts breakdown of carbohydrates
  • Lipase begins digestion of fats
  • Contains mucus (helps swallowing)
  • Neutralizes acids produced by bacteria that
    promote decay (has bicarbonate buffer)
  • Antibacterial and antiviral components
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18
Q

What macromolecule does saliva start to chemically digest? What is the name of this enzyme?

A

amylase breaks down carbohydrates

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19
Q

What do these terms mean? How do they relate to human dentition?
* Heterodont
* Deciduous teeth
* Permanent teeth

A
  • Heterodont dentition
    • Different shapes of teeth for different jobs
  • Deciduous teeth
    • “Baby teeth”
    • 20 total
  • Permanent teeth
    • 32 total that gradually replace deciduous
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20
Q

What are the four main types of human teeth?

A
  • Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars
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21
Q

Follow a piece of food in the alimentary canal from the entrance of the oropharynx to the
esophagus.

A

Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Esophagus

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22
Q

Describe the types of epithelial tissue that the food passes.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Describe the muscularis externa in the esophagus from superior to inferior (the muscle type).
What is the significance of this arrangement?

A

Upper 1/3: skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3: mix of skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3: smooth muscle

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24
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Secrete mucus

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25
Q

Identify the layers of the stomach from stomach wall to lumen

A

Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa

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26
Q

What is the significance of 3 layers to the muscularis externa for the stomach?

A

To digest food

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27
Q

What is a function of the rugae?

A

Folds of mucosa that increase surface area and allow stomach to expand

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28
Q

What kind of digestion occurs in the stomach?

A
  • Mechanical digestion (churning)
  • Chemical digestion (digestive enzymes and HCl)
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29
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce and secrete 2 products
* HCl which destroys bacteria
* Gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) which is
necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in
small intestine

30
Q

Chief cells

A

Produce and secrete pepsinogen
* Also secrete gastric lipase
* Fat digestion

31
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Release hormones

32
Q

Undifferentiated stem cells

A

Found at junction between
gastric pits and gastric glands
* Because of harsh environment,
stomach cells are replaced every
3-7 days

33
Q

Identify the steps involved in pepsin formation. What does pepsin do?

A
  1. Activated when food enters
    stomach; releases gastrin into
    bloodstream
  2. Stimulated by gastrin
    to release pepsinogen
  3. Stimulated by
    gastrin to release HCl
    Pepsin breaks down proteins in food
    * It is created when pepsinogen mixes with HCl
34
Q

What does gastric lipase do?

A

digest fats

35
Q

What are 4 features of the small intestine that contribute to its large surface area?

A

Length, Circular folds, Villi, Microvilli

36
Q

What structures are found within a villus? What foods enter which of these structures?

A
  • Lamina propria is highly vascular * Allows for increased absorption * Capillaries * Absorb proteins and carbs * Lacteals * Absorb fats (which are too large
    to enter capillaries)
  • Muscularis mucosa * Moves villi within lumen to
    increase contact with nutrients
37
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

38
Q

List, from stomach to large intestine, the segments of the small intestine.
* Which is the longest?
* Which is the shortest?

A

longest: Ileum
shortest: Duodenum
middle: Jejunum

39
Q

What is the material called that enters the small intestine?

A

bile enters from liver/gallbladder

40
Q

Describe a lacteal

A

Absorb fats (which are too large
to enter capillaries)

41
Q

Absorptive enterocytes (small intestine)

A

Majority of epithelial cells
* Lots of mitochondria
* Absorption of nutrients requires energy
* Abundant ER
* Assemble absorbed lipids into chylomicrons

42
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus
* Protects surface cells and lubricates chyme

43
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete hormones to control
the release of other substances

44
Q

What is the significance of the intestinal crypts?

A

Invaginations of mucosa, between villi
* Epithelial cells produce intestinal juice
* A watery liquid that mixes with chyme

45
Q

Describe the cells found in the intestinal crypts (include their functions).

A

Undifferentiated epithelial cells (stem
cells)
* Rapid replacement of cells
* New lining every 3-6 days
* Paneth cells
* At base of crypt
* Secrete enzymes that selectively destroy
unwanted bacteria
* Help maintain healthy microbiota
* Role in protecting stem cells

46
Q

Where do duodenal glands empty? What product do they produce?

A

ducts that open into intestinal crypts
* Found in submucosa of
duodenum only
* Secrete alkalinic mucus to
neutralize acidic chyme

47
Q

What does MALT stand for? What is it involved with?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
provides defense

48
Q

Where is bile produced? Where is it stored? What does bile do?

A
  • Bile salts break emulsify fats in small
    intestine
  • Bile is stored in gallbladder until released
    into duodenum
49
Q

Where does bile get released into?

A

duodenum

50
Q

Describe the exocrine function of pancreas. Where do these sections get released?

A

Acinar cells produce and secrete pancreatic enzymes/juices
* Breakdown different food types
* Neutralizes chyme (bicarbonate)
* Pancreatic juices transported in
main pancreatic duct and released
by sphincter

51
Q

What structure is the final control valve that regulates pancreatic and bile release?

A

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

52
Q

Describe the influence of fats and acids on hormone secretion. What are the effects of these hormones?

A

-Chyme from stomach activates
-Presence of fat stimulates: Cholecystokinin (CCK), signals release of stored bile (breaks down fats for better absorption
-Presence of Acids stimulate: secretin signals release of pancreatic juice to neutralize acids

53
Q

What do colonocytes do? What do they absorb?

A

absorb primarily
water/electrolytes

54
Q

What is the significance of intestinal crypts in the large intestine?

A

Replace old cells

55
Q

What are rectal valves’ claim to fame?

A

Transverse folds that prevent feces being
passed with flatus (gas)

56
Q

What is the difference between the external and internal anal sphincters?

A

External anal sphincter
* Skeletal muscle, voluntary control
* Internal anal sphincter
* Smooth muscle, involuntary control

57
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A
  • External and/or internal
    hemorrhoidal vein swelling
  • Caused by excessive straining
    (baby or defecating)
58
Q

What are some functions of the liver?

A

Digestive function: produces bile
Metabolic functions: processes blood coming from stomach and intestines

59
Q

Where is the hepatic portal vein?

A

behind stomach and liver

60
Q

What is the green sac?

A

Gallbladder

61
Q

Identify what these blood vessels carry (characterize the blood within them):
* Hepatic artery proper
* Hepatic portal vein
* Inferior vena cava

A
  • Hepatic artery proper
    • Provides oxygen-rich blood to liver
  • Hepatic portal vein
    • Transports nutrient-rich blood from stomach and intestines to liver
  • Inferior vena cava
    • Removes blood from liver after it has been processed
62
Q

What is the microscopic shape of a liver lobule?

A

hexagon

63
Q

What makes up portal triads? Where are these located?

A

Bile duct (transports bile out of lobule)
Portal venule (transports nutrient-rich blood into lobule)
Portal arteriole (transports oxygen-rich blood into the lobule)

64
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Blood flows through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart (stomach/intestine and liver)

65
Q

What is the relationship between liver and gallbladder?

A

Gallbladder stores and concentrates bile

66
Q

What are most gallstones made of?

A

Usually formed of cholesterol that precipitates out of bile while
stored in gallbladder

67
Q

What controls the release of bile into the duodenum?

A

A sphincter at the duodenum

68
Q

What causes most ulcers?

A

bacterium:Helicobacter pylori

69
Q

Describe two forms of inflammatory bowel disease.

A
  • Crohn’s Disease (more severe)
    • Along entire intestine; primarily in terminal ileum
  • Ulcerative colitis (less severe)
    • Shallow inflammation large intestine; primarily in rectum
70
Q

What are symptoms of IBS?

A

Cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding

71
Q

Describe celiac disease.

A

Autoimmune -> Gluten triggers and immune response, damages
villi of small intestine

Anatomy (18 decks)

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