Articulations

Question 1

List the three types of fibrous joints, including an example for each.

Answer 1

Sutures: Skull
Syndesmoses: between radius and ulna
Gomphoses: Teeth

Question 2

Which kind of structural joint is a synchondrosis? Describe this joint type and give an example.

Answer 2

Cartilaginous Joint, bones united by hyaline cartilage.
Ex. Epiphyseal plates, Joint between first rib’s costal cartilage and manubrium of sternum

Question 3

Which kind of a structural joint is a symphysis? Describe this joint type and give an example.

Answer 3

Cartilaginous Joint, Bones united by fibrocartilage pad
Ex. Intervertebral discs, Pubic symphysis

Question 4

Synovial joints are considered diarthrotic. What does this mean?

Answer 4

Diarthrotic = freely movable

Question 5

Hinge

Answer 5

• Uniaxial
• Flexion and extension
• Ex. Elbow, interphalangeal joints (finger joints)

Question 6

Ball-and-socket

Answer 6

• Multiaxial
• Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation
• Ex. Shoulder and hip joints

Question 7

Plane

Answer 7

• Nonaxial
• Gliding movement (side to side, within one plane)
• Ex. Intercarpal joints, joints between vertebral
  articular surfaces (facets), sacroiliac joint

Question 8

Saddle

Answer 8

• Biaxial
• Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
• Ex. Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Question 8

Condylar

Answer 8

• Biaxial
• Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
• Ex. Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, carpals
  and radius joint, occipital condyles and atlas
  (“Yes” motion of head)

Question 8

Pivot

Answer 8

• Uniaxial
• Rotational movements
• Ex. Radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
  (“No” motion of head)

Question 8

Where is the fibrous layer of articular capsule located?

Answer 8

Tibiofemoral Joint

Question 9

Where is the synovial membrane

Answer 9

Tibiofemoral Joint

Question 10

What produces synovial fluid?

Answer 10

Synovial membrane -> fibroblast like type B synovial cells

Question 11

Describe the structure and location of synovial fluid. Which structure produces it?

Answer 11

• Blood filtrate, is viscous
• Glycoproteins make fluid slippery, easing
  movement of joint
• Found in articular cartilages as well as in cavity
• This nourishes the chondrocytes in the
  articular cartilage (important because it is
  avascular)

Question 12

Describe “weeping lubrication” and include its significance.

Answer 12

Pressure placed on cartilages causes synovial
fluid to move in and out of articular cartilages

Question 13

What is an articular disc? Can you give an example?

Answer 13

• Disc of fibrocartilage
• Helps improve the fit of articulating
  cartilages
• Example: meniscus

Question 14

What is a bursa? What is its function? What is inflammation of a bursa called?

Answer 14

closed fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane
and filled with synovial fluid
* Reduces friction as parts move over each other
* Often where ligaments, tendons overlie bone
Inflammation of the bursa is called Bursitis

Question 15

Where would you find a tendon sheath? What is its function?

Answer 15

Tendon sheath is an elongated
bursa that wraps around tendons
in high friction areas
Example, tendon sheaths encircle
tendons in the carpal tunnel of the
wrist

Question 16

What are the names of the two joints that form the knee? Which bones form the knee joint?

Answer 16

Plane -> Femoropatellar and hindge -> Tibiofemoral

Question 17

What kind of movement is found with the joint formed between the patella and the femur?
Why do you think a bursa is found in this joint?

Answer 17

Plane, Reduces friction

Question 18

Describe the type of joint that is the tibiofemoral joint. What are some challenges presented to this joint? Do you think there is a difference with this joint between males and females? What are some structures that help improve the stability of this joint?

Answer 18

• Movement in 2 axes:
  
  • Flexion and extension
  • Medial and lateral rotation
• Weight-bearing joint that must
  reconcile 2 different and dissimilar
  needs
  
  • Stability
  • Mobility

Question 19

A common injury to the knee is called the “triad of 3.” Describe what happens in this situation.

Answer 19

Tibial collateral ligament, Medial meniscus, Anterior cruciate
ligament

Question 20

Differentiate between a sprain and a strain.

Answer 20

Sprain = ligament stretched or torn
Strain = tendon/muscle stretched or torn

Question 21

Compare these types of arthritis:
* Rheumatoid
* Osteoarthritis
* Gout

Answer 21

Rheumatoid Arthritis->Chronic inflammatory disorder
* Autoimmune: immune system attacks synovial membranes
* Causes inflammation of synovial membranes
* Pain and swelling
Osteoarthritis-> Most common and mostly due to normal aging process
*Articular cartilage breaks down via normal enzyme activity or excessive use
*Resulting bone to bone contact further damages articular surface
Gout-> Uric acid is normal waste product produced by liver during purine metabolism
*High levels of uric acid in
blood will precipitate out as
crystals into synovial joints
forming a tophus

Question 22

Where is the carpal tunnel, and what is carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 22

Inflammation of tendon sheaths puts pressure on the median nerve passing through carpal tunnel