Articulations Flashcards
List the three types of fibrous joints, including an example for each.
Sutures: Skull
Syndesmoses: between radius and ulna
Gomphoses: Teeth
Which kind of structural joint is a synchondrosis? Describe this joint type and give an example.
Cartilaginous Joint, bones united by hyaline cartilage.
Ex. Epiphyseal plates, Joint between first rib’s costal cartilage and manubrium of sternum
Which kind of a structural joint is a symphysis? Describe this joint type and give an example.
Cartilaginous Joint, Bones united by fibrocartilage pad
Ex. Intervertebral discs, Pubic symphysis
Synovial joints are considered diarthrotic. What does this mean?
Diarthrotic = freely movable
Hinge
- Uniaxial
- Flexion and extension
- Ex. Elbow, interphalangeal joints (finger joints)
Ball-and-socket
- Multiaxial
- Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation
- Ex. Shoulder and hip joints
Plane
- Nonaxial
- Gliding movement (side to side, within one plane)
- Ex. Intercarpal joints, joints between vertebral
articular surfaces (facets), sacroiliac joint
Saddle
- Biaxial
- Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
- Ex. Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Condylar
- Biaxial
- Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
- Ex. Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, carpals
and radius joint, occipital condyles and atlas
(“Yes” motion of head)
Pivot
- Uniaxial
- Rotational movements
- Ex. Radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
(“No” motion of head)
Where is the fibrous layer of articular capsule located?
Tibiofemoral Joint
Where is the synovial membrane
Tibiofemoral Joint
What produces synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane -> fibroblast like type B synovial cells
Describe the structure and location of synovial fluid. Which structure produces it?
- Blood filtrate, is viscous
- Glycoproteins make fluid slippery, easing
movement of joint - Found in articular cartilages as well as in cavity
- This nourishes the chondrocytes in the
articular cartilage (important because it is
avascular)
Describe “weeping lubrication” and include its significance.
Pressure placed on cartilages causes synovial
fluid to move in and out of articular cartilages
What is an articular disc? Can you give an example?
- Disc of fibrocartilage
- Helps improve the fit of articulating
cartilages - Example: meniscus
What is a bursa? What is its function? What is inflammation of a bursa called?
closed fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane
and filled with synovial fluid
* Reduces friction as parts move over each other
* Often where ligaments, tendons overlie bone
Inflammation of the bursa is called Bursitis
Where would you find a tendon sheath? What is its function?
Tendon sheath is an elongated
bursa that wraps around tendons
in high friction areas
Example, tendon sheaths encircle
tendons in the carpal tunnel of the
wrist
What are the names of the two joints that form the knee? Which bones form the knee joint?
Plane -> Femoropatellar and hindge -> Tibiofemoral
What kind of movement is found with the joint formed between the patella and the femur?
Why do you think a bursa is found in this joint?
Plane, Reduces friction
Describe the type of joint that is the tibiofemoral joint. What are some challenges presented to this joint? Do you think there is a difference with this joint between males and females? What are some structures that help improve the stability of this joint?
- Movement in 2 axes:
- Flexion and extension
- Medial and lateral rotation
- Weight-bearing joint that must
reconcile 2 different and dissimilar
needs- Stability
- Mobility
A common injury to the knee is called the “triad of 3.” Describe what happens in this situation.
Tibial collateral ligament, Medial meniscus, Anterior cruciate
ligament
Differentiate between a sprain and a strain.
Sprain = ligament stretched or torn
Strain = tendon/muscle stretched or torn
Compare these types of arthritis:
* Rheumatoid
* Osteoarthritis
* Gout
Rheumatoid Arthritis->Chronic inflammatory disorder
* Autoimmune: immune system attacks synovial membranes
* Causes inflammation of synovial membranes
* Pain and swelling
Osteoarthritis-> Most common and mostly due to normal aging process
*Articular cartilage breaks down via normal enzyme activity or excessive use
*Resulting bone to bone contact further damages articular surface
Gout-> Uric acid is normal waste product produced by liver during purine metabolism
*High levels of uric acid in
blood will precipitate out as
crystals into synovial joints
forming a tophus
Where is the carpal tunnel, and what is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Inflammation of tendon sheaths puts pressure on the median nerve passing through carpal tunnel
