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Anatomy > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a general reflex

A

an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus

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2
Q

What is found between a sensory and motor neuron in a polysynaptic reflex?

A

interneurons

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3
Q

What is CSF and how is it produced? Where is it produced?

A
  • Floats and cushions CNS, thereby preventing injury, Provides nutrients, removes wastes from CNS
  • Produced by ependymal cells of the capillary-rich choroid plexus
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4
Q

How is CSF returned to blood circulation?

A

Filtrate moves through ependymal cells, into ventricles

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5
Q

Describe the flow of CSF through the ventricles and passageways within/around the brain’s?.

A
  • Produced by filtration of plasma from blood capillaries in pia mater
  • Filtrate moves through ependymal cells, into ventricles
  • Some CSF enters central canal (spinal cord)
    Most CSF enters subarachnoid space, bathing brain and spinal cord surfaces
  • CSF continuously produced by filtration of blood plasma
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6
Q

What is hydrocephalus? Why does a baby’s head swell and not an adult’s?

A

CSF is overproduced and/or not removed properly
Increased intracranial pressure causes brain damage
- their skull bones have not fully grown together yet.

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7
Q

What is meningitis? What can cause it?

A

Inflammation of meninges, often by infection (viral or bacterial)

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8
Q

What are ways that the CNS is/has been studied?

A
  • Study brain damage
  • fMRI: blood flow
  • PET: glucose utilization
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9
Q

List, from superficial to deep, the meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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10
Q

What is a subdural hematoma? Where is it located?

A

In the Subdural space between dura mater and arachnoid mater it fills with fluid from disease or trauma

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11
Q

What kinds of cell junctions help form the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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12
Q

Which kinds of substances can cross the BBB?

A

Lipid soluble substances

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13
Q

What forms “white matter”? What forms “gray matter”? How does this vary between the brain
and the spinal cord?

A

White: myelinates axons
Gray: Dendrites, Cell bodies, Glial cells, Unmyelinated axons
Spinal cord: Outer white matter is fiber tracts, Inner gray matter

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14
Q

The gray matter in the brain is called ______ and ______. The white matter in the brain is called
__________.

A
  • cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
  • nuclei
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15
Q

What do these secondary vesicles develop into?
* Metencephalon
* Myelencephalon
* Diencephalon
* Telencephalon
* Mesencephalon

A
  • Pons and Cerebellum
  • Medulla oblongata
  • thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
  • Cerebral hemisphere
  • Mid brain: fiber tracts, superior and inferior colliculi
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16
Q

Name two primary functions of the temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex: Conscious awareness of sound
Auditory association area: Evaluation of sound

17
Q

What would happen if damage to Wernicke’s area occurred?

A

Would not be able to recognize spoken words

18
Q

Which lobe has the primary olfactory cortex?

A

Temporal Lobe

19
Q

Why do some smells elicit memories?

A

Scents bypass the thalamus and go straight to the brain’s smell center, known as the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb is directly connected to the amygdala and hippocampus

20
Q

What are the functions of association areas?

A

receive and integrate info from multiple areas; stores memories, assist with coordinated responses

21
Q

What are the different types of processing areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Sensory areas (interpret sensory information coming into brain)
  • Motor areas (dictate motor responses)
  • Association areas
22
Q

Damage to Broca’s area could result in:

A

Would not be able to speak

23
Q

What are functions of the somatosensory association area? Premotor cortex?

A

Receives input from somatic sensory receptors of body (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature)

24
Q

What are functions of prefrontal cortex? What would damage to this area cause?

A

Functions: Processes emotions related to personal and social interactions, Personality, Working memory for object, recall tasks, Cognition , Solving complex, multitask problems, Intellect
Damage: mental and personality disorders

25
Q

What are some functions of the insula? Where is it located?

A

Receives sensory input (pain, pressure, hunger, etc.) from thoracic and abdominal organs, Involved with the processing of emotions, Self-recognition
Located “under” other lobes

26
Q

What are some functions of the basal nuclei? How are they related to Parkinson’s disease?

A

Functions: Work with cerebral cortex to control motor movements, Allow for unconscious control of skeletal muscles = muscle tone, Starts, stops, and regulates intensity of movements
Parkinson’s: Difficulty starting and controlling movement. neural pathways from substantia nigra to basal nuclei degenerates

27
Q

What are some functions of the basal forebrain nuclei? How are they involved with Alzheimer’s
disease?

A

Functions: Arousal, Learning and memory, Motor control
Alzheimer’s: Reduced acetylcholine, Loss of memories, Language skill deterioration, Reduced abstract thinking, judgement, Changes in personality and emotion

28
Q

Where are the cell bodies of visceral and somatic sensory neurons located? Somatic motor
neurons? Visceral motor neurons?

A

Visceral: Cell bodies from lateral horns exit through ventral root
Somatic: Cell bodies are in ventral horns Axons exit via ventral root

29
Q

What are structures of the limbic system? What is a primary function of the limbic system?
What significance does the hypothalamus have with the limbic system?

A

found in the cerebrum and diencephalon
Considered the emotional brain
Hypothalamus: Reason why emotional stress can cause high blood pressure and heart burn

30
Q

Name 3 structures of the diencephalon and function(s) for each

A

Thalamus: Relay center for most sensory information to cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus: hunger, body temp, smooth cardiac
Epithalamus: Secretes melatonin

31
Q

What is a stroke? What happens to brain tissue with a stroke?

A

Interruption of blood flow to a region of the brain resulting in neuronal cell death

32
Q

What could result if damage to the medulla oblongata occurred?

A

Automatic BSL functions would not happen (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing)

33
Q

What kind of information travels through descending pathways? Ascending pathways?

A

Ascending: carry sensory information from the body, like pain
Descending: carry motor information from the brain down the spinal cord to the body

34
Q

What is a decussation and why is it significant?

A

fibers cross over from right to left lobes or vice versa. significant for brain communication

35
Q

Where do sensory neurons synapse in the spinal cord? What kind of neuron do they synapse with?

A

Anatomy (18 decks)

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