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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons from one substance to another

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2
Q

reducing agent

A

substance that is the electron donor

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3
Q

oxidizing agent

A

substance that is the electron acceptor; higher electronegativity

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4
Q

glycolysis

A

occurs in cytosol; breaks glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

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5
Q

citric acid cycle

A

within mitochondrial matrix; oxidizes a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide

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6
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

inner membrane of mitochondria; constituted by electron transport + chemiosmosis

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7
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

happens in citric acid + glycolysis; enzyme transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP

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8
Q

glycolysis production

A

1 glucose->2 pyruvate; 2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced->2 ATP final

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9
Q

pyruvate

A

inside mitochondria it is converted into acetyl CoA; CO2 is released

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10
Q

acetyl CoA

A

3 NADH; FAD; ATP substrate level in Krebs

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11
Q

ubiquinone

A

hydrophic molecule that is a mobile electron carrier in the ETC

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12
Q

cyochromes

A

makes up most of the electron carriers in the ETC before oxygen

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13
Q

FADH2

A

adds its electrons to complex 2 in the ETC

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14
Q

ATP synthase

A

protein complex in the inner membrane of mitochondria that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

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15
Q

chemiosmosis

A

energy stored in the form of hydrogen ion gradient drives this ATP synthesis process

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16
Q

proton gradient

A

protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space; H+ flows down the gradient

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17
Q

ATP-NADH

A

1 NADH generates 3 ATP

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18
Q

ATP production

A

about 32 ATP are produced during oxydative phosphorylation

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19
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

acetaldehyde reduced to ethanol; replenishes NAD+

20
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is reduced to lactate; replenishes NAD+

21
Q

deamination

A

use of amino acids for food; amino acids much remove their amino groups

22
Q

beta oxidation

A

breaks fatty acids down to 2 carbon fragments; enter TCA as acetyl CoA

23
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

ATP and AMP regulate this enzyme, which controls production of energy

24
Q

chlorophyll

A

green pigment located within chloroplast where light energy is absorbed

25
Q

mesophyll

A

about 30-40 chloroplast organelles are found mainly in this cell in the leaf

26
Q

thylakoids

A

thylakoid sacs within stroma stacked in grana columns; chlorophyll resides within

27
Q

light reactions

A

light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to an acceptor called NADP+

28
Q

light reaction produce

A

generates ATP during photophosphorlyation; NADPH; oxygen as byproduct

29
Q

calvin cycle

A

incorporation of CO2 from air into organic molecules: carbon fixation

30
Q

photosynthetic pigments

A

chlorophyll A-primary electron excitation; chlorophyll b-also photosynthetic; carotenoids-dissipate excess light energy

31
Q

photosystem

A

composed of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light harvesting complexes

32
Q

light harvesting complexes

A

pigment molecules chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids bound to molecular proteins

33
Q

reaction center

A

protein complex in photosystem that includes two special chlorophyll a molecules and primary electron acceptor

34
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

enables capture of excited electron to higher energy level in redox reaction

35
Q

photosystem 2

A

first of the photosytems known as P680; interacts with light

36
Q

photosystem 1

A

electrons are passed down ETC from PS2; second of the photosystems known as P700

37
Q

cyclic electron flow

A

when ATP is low; electrons recycle in PS1 and no NADPH is produced

38
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

photosystems and ETC with H+ leaving thylakoid space and passing down gradient to stroma with ATP synthase

39
Q

carbon fixation

A

incorporates O2 by attaching ribulose bisphosphate catalyzed by rubisco

40
Q

rubisco

A

most abundant protein in chloroplasts and potentially on earth

41
Q

Calvin cycle production

A

3 CO2 produces one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate; consumes 9 ATP, 6 NADPH

42
Q

C3 plants

A

First product of carbon fixation is the 3 carbon compound 3-phosphoglycerate

43
Q

C4 plants

A

Carbon fixation that forms a four carbon compound as first product

44
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

Much higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco and none for O2. Can fix carbon when rubisco cannot in hot dry climates

45
Q

C4 separation

A

Carbon fixation occurs in mesophyll but Calvin cycle occurs in bundle sheath cells

46
Q

CAM plants

A

Open their stomata during the night and close during the day; carbon fixation at night, Calvin cycle during the day; both mesophyll

Biology (28 decks)

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