Plant diversity Flashcards
alternation of generations
distinguished by the fact that there are both multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid in plant life cycle
plant spores
haploid reproductive cells that have the potential to grow into multicellular haploid gametophytes by mitosis
gametangia
early land plants have archegonia-female + antheridia-male that are organs that produce gametes
embryophytes
land plants have multicellular, dependent embryo developed from zygotes
bryophytes
nonvascular plants; liverworts, hornworsts, mosses
lycophytes
seedless vascular plants; club mosses, quillworts
pterophytes
seedless vascular plants; ferns, horsetails
seed
embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat
gymnosperm
seed plant; conifers, seeds are not enclosed in chambers
angiosperm
flowering plants; develop inside chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers and mature into fruits
extant lineage
surviving members in addition to extinct members
protonema
germinating moss spores produce a mass of green branched, one cell thick filaments
gametophore
produced by protonema; gamete producing structure with an apical meristem
rhizoids
long, tubular single cells that anchor the gametophytes
sporophyte
consists primarily of foot, seta, and sporangium
foot
embedded in the archegonium; absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte
seta
also called stalk; conducts the nutrients to the sporangium
capsule
also called sporangium; uses the nutrients to produce spores by meiosis
calyptra
a protective cap of gametophyte tissue on the immature capsule only
peristome
for most moss species; upper art of the capsule features a ring of toothlike structures
stomata
in hornwort, moss, and vascular plants; in sporophytes; specialized spores allow exchange of air for photosynthesis
xylem
conducts most of the water an minerals through vascular plants
tracheids
tube shaped cells that are dead, with only walls remaining; cell wall is strengthened by lignin
phloem
living sugar conducting sieve cells
roots
lignified vascular tissue below the ground
microphylls
oldest vascular plants lycophyets have these small spine shaped leaves with a single vein
megaphylls
vascular plants of most vascular plants; leaves with a highly branched vascular system
sporophylls
modified leaves that bear sporangia; fern-sori; gymnosperms-cones
homosporous
one type of sporophyll produces one type of spore and a bisexual gametophyte
heterosporous
two types of sporophylls; megasporangium and microsporangium
megasporangium
produced megaspores in megasporophylls; megaspores develop into female gametophytes
microsporangium
produce microspores in microsporophylls; microspore develop into male gametophyte
fern diversity
most have megaphylls; mostly homosporous; stalked sporangia
epiphytes
many lycophytes; plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites
sporophyte dependent
mosses and other bryophytes; gametophyte dominant life cycle of mosses
gametophyte independent
large sporophyte and small gametophyte; ferns and some seedless vascular plants
gametophyte dependent
seed plants the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte; gymnosperms and angiosperm
integuments
layers of tissue that envelop and protect megasporangium; gymno-1, angio-2
ovule
the whole structure of megasporangium, megaspore, and integuments
gymnosperm seeds
naked seeds that are not enclosed by ovaries; usually form cones-strobili
ovulate cone
two ovules containing female megasporangium in each cone scale
pollen cone
contains many male microsporangia
gymnosperm megasporocyte
2n diploid egg before undergoing meiosis and producing megaspore
gymnosperm fertilization
sporophyte from germinating pollen grain and egg nucleus
sepals
usually green and enclose the flower at the base
petals
brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators; except wind pollinated
stamens
microsporophylls produce microspores-male gametophytes; consists of stalk called filament and pollen sac called anther
carpel
megasporophylls produce female gametophytes; sticky stigma at tip receives pollen, syle is tube leading to base; ovary contains one or more ovules
pistil
single carpel or a group of fused carpels
pericarp
formed from the wall of ovary; thickened wall of the fruit
dry fruit
beans, nuts, and grains such as wheat, rice and grasses
double fertilization
unique to angiosperms; one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming diploid zygote; other sperm fuses with the two nuclei in female gametophyte
cotyledon
one or two seed leaves that are on the developing zygote
endosperm
tissue rich in starch and other food reserves; from sperm fusing with 2 nuclei in gametophyte
monocots
one cotyledon; parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue; fibrous roots; one pollen grain opening; flowers in multiples of 3
dicots
2 cotyledons; netlike veins; ring vascular tissue; main taproot; 3 pollen grain opening; 4 or 5 multiples for flowers
