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Biology > Plant diversity > Flashcards

Plant diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

alternation of generations

A

distinguished by the fact that there are both multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid in plant life cycle

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2
Q

plant spores

A

haploid reproductive cells that have the potential to grow into multicellular haploid gametophytes by mitosis

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3
Q

gametangia

A

early land plants have archegonia-female + antheridia-male that are organs that produce gametes

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4
Q

embryophytes

A

land plants have multicellular, dependent embryo developed from zygotes

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5
Q

bryophytes

A

nonvascular plants; liverworts, hornworsts, mosses

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6
Q

lycophytes

A

seedless vascular plants; club mosses, quillworts

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7
Q

pterophytes

A

seedless vascular plants; ferns, horsetails

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8
Q

seed

A

embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

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9
Q

gymnosperm

A

seed plant; conifers, seeds are not enclosed in chambers

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10
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants; develop inside chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers and mature into fruits

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11
Q

extant lineage

A

surviving members in addition to extinct members

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12
Q

protonema

A

germinating moss spores produce a mass of green branched, one cell thick filaments

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13
Q

gametophore

A

produced by protonema; gamete producing structure with an apical meristem

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14
Q

rhizoids

A

long, tubular single cells that anchor the gametophytes

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15
Q

sporophyte

A

consists primarily of foot, seta, and sporangium

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16
Q

foot

A

embedded in the archegonium; absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

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17
Q

seta

A

also called stalk; conducts the nutrients to the sporangium

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18
Q

capsule

A

also called sporangium; uses the nutrients to produce spores by meiosis

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19
Q

calyptra

A

a protective cap of gametophyte tissue on the immature capsule only

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20
Q

peristome

A

for most moss species; upper art of the capsule features a ring of toothlike structures

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21
Q

stomata

A

in hornwort, moss, and vascular plants; in sporophytes; specialized spores allow exchange of air for photosynthesis

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22
Q

xylem

A

conducts most of the water an minerals through vascular plants

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23
Q

tracheids

A

tube shaped cells that are dead, with only walls remaining; cell wall is strengthened by lignin

24
Q

phloem

A

living sugar conducting sieve cells

25
Q

roots

A

lignified vascular tissue below the ground

26
Q

microphylls

A

oldest vascular plants lycophyets have these small spine shaped leaves with a single vein

27
Q

megaphylls

A

vascular plants of most vascular plants; leaves with a highly branched vascular system

28
Q

sporophylls

A

modified leaves that bear sporangia; fern-sori; gymnosperms-cones

29
Q

homosporous

A

one type of sporophyll produces one type of spore and a bisexual gametophyte

30
Q

heterosporous

A

two types of sporophylls; megasporangium and microsporangium

31
Q

megasporangium

A

produced megaspores in megasporophylls; megaspores develop into female gametophytes

32
Q

microsporangium

A

produce microspores in microsporophylls; microspore develop into male gametophyte

33
Q

fern diversity

A

most have megaphylls; mostly homosporous; stalked sporangia

34
Q

epiphytes

A

many lycophytes; plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites

35
Q

sporophyte dependent

A

mosses and other bryophytes; gametophyte dominant life cycle of mosses

36
Q

gametophyte independent

A

large sporophyte and small gametophyte; ferns and some seedless vascular plants

37
Q

gametophyte dependent

A

seed plants the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte; gymnosperms and angiosperm

38
Q

integuments

A

layers of tissue that envelop and protect megasporangium; gymno-1, angio-2

39
Q

ovule

A

the whole structure of megasporangium, megaspore, and integuments

40
Q

gymnosperm seeds

A

naked seeds that are not enclosed by ovaries; usually form cones-strobili

41
Q

ovulate cone

A

two ovules containing female megasporangium in each cone scale

42
Q

pollen cone

A

contains many male microsporangia

43
Q

gymnosperm megasporocyte

A

2n diploid egg before undergoing meiosis and producing megaspore

44
Q

gymnosperm fertilization

A

sporophyte from germinating pollen grain and egg nucleus

45
Q

sepals

A

usually green and enclose the flower at the base

46
Q

petals

A

brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators; except wind pollinated

47
Q

stamens

A

microsporophylls produce microspores-male gametophytes; consists of stalk called filament and pollen sac called anther

48
Q

carpel

A

megasporophylls produce female gametophytes; sticky stigma at tip receives pollen, syle is tube leading to base; ovary contains one or more ovules

49
Q

pistil

A

single carpel or a group of fused carpels

50
Q

pericarp

A

formed from the wall of ovary; thickened wall of the fruit

51
Q

dry fruit

A

beans, nuts, and grains such as wheat, rice and grasses

52
Q

double fertilization

A

unique to angiosperms; one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming diploid zygote; other sperm fuses with the two nuclei in female gametophyte

53
Q

cotyledon

A

one or two seed leaves that are on the developing zygote

54
Q

endosperm

A

tissue rich in starch and other food reserves; from sperm fusing with 2 nuclei in gametophyte

55
Q

monocots

A

one cotyledon; parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue; fibrous roots; one pollen grain opening; flowers in multiples of 3

56
Q

dicots

A

2 cotyledons; netlike veins; ring vascular tissue; main taproot; 3 pollen grain opening; 4 or 5 multiples for flowers

Biology (28 decks)

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