Circulation Flashcards
gastrovascular cavity
cnidarians + flatworms; serves both in digestion and in distribution of substances throughout the body
open circulatory system
insects+arthropods+most molluscs; no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
hemolymph
the blood and interstitial fluid of an open circulatory system
insect heart
pumps hemolymph into sinuses through elongated tube located dorsally
ostia
when heart relaxes the hemolymph is drawn into circulatory system through these holes
open circulatory advantage
lower hydrostatic pressure makes them expend less energy
fish cardiovascular
two chambered heart and a single circuit of blood flow
amphibian cardiovascular
three chambered heart and two circuits of blood with mixing in single ventricle
amphibian circuits
pulmocutaneous-lung and skin; systemic-body
reptiles except birds
three chambered heart with a septum that paritially divides the single ventricle
reptiles+mammals circuit
pulmonary and system circuit and capillaries
mammals+bird cardiovascular
4 chambered heart with 2 ventricles and 2 aortas
double circulation
the blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the lungs
pulmonary artery
right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through pulmonary arteries
aorta
left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through systemic circuit
systole
contraction phase of the cardiac cycle where blood is pushed out
diastole
relaxation phase of cardiac cycle where ventricles fill with blood
atrioventricular valve
between atrium and ventricle
semilunar valves
located at the two exits of the ventricles
sinoatrial node
pacemaker sets rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract
myogenic heart
vertebrate hearts that sets its own rate compared to outside nerves in neurogenic heart
electrocardiogram
EKG; currents carried by electrodes shows heartbeat
endothelium
lines the lumen of all blood vessels; single layer of flattened cells that minimizes resistance to blood flow
lymphatic system
fluid leaks out of cardiovascular and into lymph vessels
erythrocytes
lack nuclei and mitochondria; generate ATP from anaerobic metabolism
leukoctyes
monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
blood clots
fibrinogen is inactive form and fibrin is the active form
coelom
hollow core of each gill that is part of outer layer of sea star
parapodia
serve as gills for marine worms called polychaetes
crustacean gills
exoskeleton covers the gills
countercurernt exchange
as blood moves through gill capillaryit encounters water with higher O2 concentration
spiracles
air enters the tracheae through these openings insects body surface and passes into smaller tubes called tracheoles
negative pressure breathing
mammals have this but amphibians have positive pressure breathing
air sacs
in birds there are eight or nine air sacs and one way channels called parabronchi
hemocyanin
respiratory pigment in arthropods has copper as its oxygen binder coloring the blood blue
hemoglobin
respiratory pigment of nearly all vertebrates and some invertebrates found in erythrocytes
Bohr shift
a drop in pH from active tissue lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 for cellular respiration
myoglobin
has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin
