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Biology > Genes > Flashcards

Genes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleotide: monomer

A

A sugar (deoxyribose) with a phosphate group attached to it and a base

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2
Q

Deoxyribose bases

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), or Thymine (T)

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3
Q

Protein: polypeptide

A

Long chain of 20 types of amino acids, each linked by a covalent peptide bond

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4
Q

Protein: pH 7

A

Both the amino and carboxyl groups are ionized

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5
Q

optical isomers

A

Proteins consist of exclusively L amino acids

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6
Q

Lysine side chain

A

Basic NH3+ amide group

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7
Q

Arginine side chain

A

Basic NH2+ resonance

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8
Q

Histidine side chain

A

Basic NH+ weak pentagon

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9
Q

Deoxyribose sugar

A

H at the 2’ carbon position

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10
Q

Ribose sugar

A

OH at the 2’ carbon position

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11
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine and Guanine with double rings

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12
Q

Pyrimidine bases

A

Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil with single rings

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13
Q

Nucleoside

A

A base attached to only a sugar: adenine+ribose–>adenosine

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14
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

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15
Q

Guanosine triphosphate

A

GTP nucleotide containing guanine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

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16
Q

deoxyadenosine triphosphate

A

dATP nucelotide containing adenine, deoxyribose, and three phosphate groups

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17
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

two covalent phosphoester bonds with phosphate attached to 5’ carbon of one sugar and 3’carbon of another sugar

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18
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

Equal amounts of A&T, G&C. A+G=T+C

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19
Q

DNA directionality

A

Phosphate group adds on to 3’ hydroxyl end

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20
Q

Complete helix turn

A

One helix turn is 3.4 nm and contains 10 nucleotides

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21
Q

Bases: hydrogen bonds

A

G and C -> 3 bonds. A and T -> 2 bonds

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22
Q

A DNA

A

Right handed helix and tilted on axis

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23
Q

B DNA

A

Predominant DNA in living cells, right handed helix

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24
Q

Z DNA

A

Left handed helix, may affect transcription and level of chromosome compaction

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25
Q

RNA helix

A

RNA can be single stranded or be double stranded at some points

26
Q

Structural gene

A

Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins

27
Q

Intergenic regions

A

nontranscribed regions of DNA located between adjacent genes

28
Q

DNA gyrase

A

In bacteria travels in front of DNA helicase and relaxes positive supercoils

29
Q

Topoisomerase I

A

In bacteria relaxes negative supercoils

30
Q

Quinoline + coumarin

A

Drugs that inhibit gyrase and bacterial topoisomerases but not eukaryotic topoisomerase

31
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA-protein complex found within eukaryotic chromosomes

32
Q

Centromere

A

Recognition site for kinetochore proteins during mitosis and meiosis

33
Q

Eukaryotic origin of replication

A

each chromosome contains OR every 100,00 bp

34
Q

Eukaryotic Chromosome bp

A

Tens of millions to hundreds of millions bp

35
Q

Telomeres

A

inhibit chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations

36
Q

Nucleosome

A

double stranded segment of DNA wrapped around octamer of histone proteins

37
Q

DNA:nucleosome

A

150 bp around histones + 20-100 bp linker region

38
Q

Interphase compaction

A

Nucleosomes+zigzag 30 nm fiber+radial loops

39
Q

Radial loops

A

Chromosome sequences matrix attachment regions attaching to nuclear matrix

40
Q

Euchromatin

A

capable of gene transcription and forms radial loop domains during interphase

41
Q

heterochromatin

A

compacted regions at centromere and telomere

42
Q

Facultative heterochromatin

A

chromatin that can occasionally interconvert between heterochromatin and euchromatin

43
Q

histone code hypothesis

A

Patterns involving phosphorylation of serine at first position in H2A and acetylation of 5th and 8th lysine in H4 may attract chromatin loosening proteins

44
Q

Condensin

A

Enters nucleus at M phase and converts euchromatin in chromatids to heterochromatin

45
Q

cohesin

A

promotes binding between sister chromatids after s phase through prophase along entire length

46
Q

Separase

A

cohesins at centromere remain attached until anaphase

47
Q

Semiconservative model

A

14N and 15N radioiosyptes showed DNA replication

48
Q

bacteria ori

A

DnaA binds to ori and recriuts DNA helicase

49
Q

DNA helicase

A

when this enzyme encounters double stranded regions it breaks the hydrogen bonds between the strands to generate single strands

50
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

binds to single DNA strands and prevents double helix

51
Q

DNA primase

A

synthesizes short strands of RNA called RNA primers

52
Q

okazaki fragment

A

1,000-2,000 fragments in length

53
Q

DNA polymerase III fidelity

A

1 mistake in 100 million nucleotides

54
Q

oriC regulation

A

DnaA protein amount and GATC methylation sites in oirigin

55
Q

Eukaryotic origins

A

replication proceeds bidirectionally from many origins during S phase

56
Q

ARS elements

A

50 bp and necessary to initiate chromosome replication

57
Q

DNA polymerase y(gamma)

A

replication of mitochondria DNA

58
Q

DNA polymerase a(alpha)

A

associates with primase to synthesize RNA primers followed by 20 DNA bp

59
Q

DNA polymerase delta

A

possible greater role in lagging strand synthesis

60
Q

DNA polymerase e(epsilon)

A

possible greater role in leading strand synthesis

61
Q

telomerase

A

synthesizes additional repeats of telomeric sequences

62
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

homologs - the maternal and paternal chromosomes of a pair

Biology (28 decks)

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