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Biology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

external defenses

A

skin, mucous membrane, and enzyme secetions

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2
Q

internal defenses

A

phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and natural killer cells

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3
Q

neutrophil

A

phagocyte; 60-70% of leukocytes; life span few days; home to infected tissue

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4
Q

macrophage

A

develop from monocytes; some reside in specific lymphatic tissue

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5
Q

eosinophil

A

low phagocyte activity; defense against multicellular parasites with enzymes

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6
Q

dendritic cell

A

phagocytic, but primary role is stimulating acquired immunity

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7
Q

interferon alpha + beta

A

provide innate defense against viral infections

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8
Q

complement system

A

30 serum proteins that are antimicrobial proteins

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9
Q

mast cells

A

releases histamine, which triggers dilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries

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10
Q

chemokine

A

small proteins of cytokine family that attract phagocytic cells

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11
Q

natural killer cells

A

innate defense; attack virus infected cells and cancer cells causing apoptosis

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12
Q

hemocytes

A

insect white blood cells found in hemolymph

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13
Q

cytokines

A

phagocytes secrete these proteins that help activate lymphocytes

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14
Q

lymphocytes

A

B or T cells with about 100,000 identical antigen receptors on the surface

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15
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

structurally similar to B cell receptors, but lack a transmembrane domain

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16
Q

B cell receptors

A

noncovalent bonds with intact antigens

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17
Q

T cell receptors

A

one a and b chain; recognizes small fragments of antigens that are bound to MHC molecules

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18
Q

class I mhc

A

found on almost all nucleated cells; antigen display is recognized by cytotoxic T cells

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19
Q

class II mhc

A

made on antigen presenting cells dendritic cells, macrophages, and b cells; display is recognized by helper T cells

20
Q

thymus

A

lymphocytes that migrate from bone marrow to here develop into T cells

21
Q

lymphocyte activation

A

binding of antigen activates lymphocyte and stimulates division into clones

22
Q

humoral immune response

A

plasma and memory b cells; secretion of antibodies

23
Q

cell mediated immune response

A

activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic t cells

24
Q

CD4

A

present on helper T cells; binds to the class II MHC molecule

25
Q

dendritic cell-T cell

A

effective in presenting antigens to naive helper T cells

26
Q

macrophage - T cell

A

initiate a secondary immune response by presenting antigens to memory helper T cells

27
Q

B cell - T cell

A

primarily present antigens to helper T cells during humoral response

28
Q

CD8

A

present on cytotoxic T cells; binds to the class I MHC molecule

29
Q

helper T cell activation

A

binds to antigen-MHC II complex with TCR and secretes cytokines for B cells and cytotoxic T cells; produces helper T clones

30
Q

cytotoxic T cell activation

A

with the help of MHC I and cytokines perforin and granzymes are released causing apoptosis

31
Q

plasma B cells

A

after activation these effector cells secrete antibodies to the antigens that this B cell is specific for

32
Q

B cell internalization

A

dendritic cell internalizes peptide fragments from variety of antigens; presents only antigen to which it specifically binds

33
Q

T dependent antigen

A

induce antibody production only with assistance from helper T cells

34
Q

T independent antigens

A

weaker response with bacteria capsules and flagella; does not generate memory B cells

35
Q

memory B cells

A

activated effector B cells with antibodies on the membrane

36
Q

polyclonal antibody

A

products of many different clones of B cells, each specific for a different epitope

37
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

identical and specific for the same epitope on an antigen

38
Q

viral neutralization

A

antibodies bind to surface of virus and blocks host binding as well as enhancing phagocytosis

39
Q

opsonization

A

binds to pathogenic bacterium and enhances macrophage phagocytosis

40
Q

antigen precipitation

A

antibodies cross link soluble antigen molecules and aggregates

41
Q

agglutination

A

clumps bacteria or virus for phagocytosis; commonly performed by IgM

42
Q

antibody-complement proteins

A

complement proteins bind to antigen-antibody complex and causes cell lysis

43
Q

IgM

A

pentamer; first Ig class produced after initial antigen exposure; agglutination

44
Q

IgG

A

confers passive immunity on fetus; most abundant Ig in blood

45
Q

IgA

A

dimer; present in secretions; confers passive immunity in milk; mucous membrane defense

46
Q

IgE

A

triggers release of histamine from mast cells and basophils that cause allergic reaction

47
Q

IgD

A

present on surface of naive B cells; antigen receptors in antigen stimulated proliferation of B cells

Biology (28 decks)

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