Animal development

Question 1

parthenogenesis

Answer 1

asexual reproduction in which an egg develops without being fertilized

Question 2

ovaries

Answer 2

female gonads; contains follicles which contains eggs

Question 3

follicle

Answer 3

in the ovary; consists of one egg cell surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells

Question 4

oviduct

Answer 4

egg cell is realeased into this tube and travels to uterus

Question 5

testes

Answer 5

male gonads; sperm forms in seminiferous tubules inside testes

Question 6

epididymis

Answer 6

tubules where sperm passes and pushed through vas deferens duct

Question 7

urethra

Answer 7

duct that drains both excretory and reproductive system

Question 8

oogenesis

Answer 8

secondary oocyte can become the ovum; other 3 products of meiosis becomes polar bodies

Question 9

FSH

Answer 9

follicle stimulating hormone; induces primary oocyte to undergo meiosis to metaphase II

Question 10

ovulation

Answer 10

secondary oocyte is released at metaphase II and stays until sperm penetrates oocyte

Question 11

menstrual cycle

Answer 11

endometrium increases with progesterone and estrogen release

Question 12

estrous sycle

Answer 12

endometrium is reabsorbed without bleeding and animals are in heat

Question 13

organogenesis

Answer 13

first trimester is main period of body organ development

Question 14

acrosome

Answer 14

specialized vesicle at the tip of the sperm discharges hydrolytic enzymes which penetrates the jelly coat of egg

Question 15

acrosomal process

Answer 15

actin filaments grow from sperm and contact egg cell receptors on vitelline layer

Question 16

polyspermy fast block

Answer 16

fusion of sperm and egg membrane causes depolarization and produces fast block to multiple sperm entry

Question 17

cortical reaction

Answer 17

slow block to polyspermy; fertilization envelope from cortical granules and hardening of vitelline layer

Question 18

zona pellucida

Answer 18

in mammals this is hardened during cortical reaction

Question 19

morula

Answer 19

first 5-7 divisions for a multicellular ball surrounded by fertilization envelope

Question 20

blastula

Answer 20

avian; at least 128 cells with blastocoel in animal pole and yolk in vegetal pole

Question 21

meroblastic cleavage

Answer 21

incomplete cleavage of yolk and embryo in avian egg

Question 22

avian epiblast/hypoblast

Answer 22

avian version of a blastula and surrounds the blastocoel

Question 23

gastrula

Answer 23

three germ layers of the embryo

Question 24

archenteron

Answer 24

invagination at the blastopore; is the primitive gut with 2 openings

Question 25

epiblast

Answer 25

all the cells that will form the embryo come from this layer

Question 26

primitive streak

Answer 26

cells from epiblast form each of the 3 germ layers

Question 27

notochord

Answer 27

formed from dorsal mesodermthat condenses just above the archenteron and is present in all chrodates

Question 28

neural tube

Answer 28

from ectoderm; becomes central nervous system; rolled in from neural plate

Question 29

neural crest

Answer 29

only vertebrates; forms peripheral nerves, teeth, skull bones, and other cells

Question 30

holoblastic cleavage

Answer 30

mammals and others such as sea urchins; complete division of eggs having little yolk or moderate such as frogs

Question 31

ectoderm

Answer 31

epidermis of skin, epithelium of mouth/rectum, cornea, nervous system

Question 32

mesoderm

Answer 32

notochord, skeletal, muscular, excretory, circulatory, and reproductive system, lining of body cavity

Question 33

endoderm

Answer 33

epithelial of digestive, excretory, reproductive, and respiratory system, pancreas, liver, thymus

Question 34

blasctocyst

Answer 34

mammalian version of the blastula with an inner cell mass that becomes embryo and most of extraembryonic

Question 35

trophoblast

Answer 35

outer layer of the blastocyst that initiates endometrium implantation

Question 36

mammalian epiblast

Answer 36

similar to avian, embryo almost entirely develops from epiblast cells

Question 37

chorion

Answer 37

completely surrounds embryo and other extraembryonic membranes and functions gas exchange

Question 38

allantois

Answer 38

incorporated into the umbilical cord and forms blood vessels with placenta

Question 39

cadherins

Answer 39

class of cell adhesion molecule that requires calcium ions for proper function