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Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Hydra (cnidarian)

A

neurons in nerve nets control the gastrovascular cavity

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2
Q

sea star (echinoderm)

A

Central nerve ring with radial nerves to each arm

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3
Q

cephalization

A

clustering of neurons in a brain near anterior (front) of animals with bilaterally symmetrical bodies

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4
Q

Planarian (flatworm)

A

small brain and longitduinal nerve cord define simplest CNS

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5
Q

Insects (arthropod)

A

brain+ventral nerve cord, segmental ganglion make PNS

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6
Q

Squid (upper molluscs)

A

brain+extensive ganglia

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7
Q

chordate

A

brain+dorsal spinal cord+sensory ganglion

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8
Q

dendrite

A

highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons

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9
Q

axon

A

transmits signals to other cells and may be over a meter long

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10
Q

astrocytes

A

in CNS, they provide structural support for neurons and regulate extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters

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11
Q

blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes induce tight junctions between cells that line capillaries in brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

radial glia

A

form tracks which newly formed neurons migrate from neural tube

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13
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS glia that form myelin sheaths around axons with lipids like insulation

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14
Q

schwann cells

A

PNS glia that form myelin sheaths around axons with lipids like insulation

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15
Q

Na+ gradient

A

15mM cytosol; 150 mM extracelluar

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16
Q

K+ gradient

A

150 mM cytosol; 5mM extracellular

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17
Q

Cl- gradient

A

10mM cytosol; 120mM extracellular

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18
Q

ungated ion channels

A

resting potential is regulated by diffusion of K+ and Na+

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19
Q

ligand gated ion channels

A

found at synapses and open or close when neurotransmitter binds to channel

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20
Q

voltage gated ion channel

A

in axons, dendrites, cell bodies; open or close when membrane potential changes

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21
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in magnitude of membrane potential; inside becomes more negative and commonly caused by opening K+ channels

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22
Q

depolarization

A

inside of membrane becomes less negative due to opening Na+ channels

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23
Q

resting state gates

A

Na+: inactivation gate open-activation gate closed; K+: gate closed

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24
Q

depolarization gates

A

Na+: inactivation gate open-some activation gate open; K+: gate closed

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25
Q

rising action potential gate

A

Na+: inactivation-activation gate open; K+: gate closed

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26
Q

falling action potential gate

A

Na+: inactivation gate open-activation gate closed; K+: gate open

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27
Q

undershoot gate

A

Na+: inactivation-activation gate closed; K+: some gates open

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28
Q

refractory period

A

during undershoot no new action potential can occur

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29
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potential moves from node of ranvier to node in myelin sheaths

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30
Q

node of ranvier

A

many voltage gated ion channels are present to transmit action potential to next segment

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31
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

presynaptic neuron synthesizes the neurotransmitter and is packaged here

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32
Q

presynaptic membrane-chemical

A

voltage gated Ca2+ goes into presynaptic terminal and causes synaptic vesicle fusion with presynaptic membrane

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33
Q

postsynaptic membrane-chemical

A

vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

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34
Q

synaptic cleft depolarization

A

action potential reaches synapse and triggers voltage gated Ca2+ channel

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35
Q

direct synaptic transmission

A

binds directly to receptor on ion channel that allows specific ions to diffuse across postsynaptic membrane

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36
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

neurotransmitter binds to Na+-K+ channel and membrane potential depolarizes so it is excitatory

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37
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

neurotransmitter binds to K+ channel and membrane potential hyperpolarizes so it is inhibitory

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38
Q

temporal summation

A

EPSP happening closely together produces action potential

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39
Q

graded postsynaptic potential

A

since the postsynaptic cleft is at dendrite or cell body 1 EPSP is not able to produce action potential

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40
Q

spatial summation

A

EPSP produced by 2 different synapses can produce action potential

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41
Q

IPSP spatial summation

A

the addition of an IPSP and EPSP could lead to a blocked action potential

42
Q

indirect synaptic transmission

A

neurotransmitter binds to a receptor that is not part of an ion channel, activating a signaling pathway

43
Q

vertebrate neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine released by motor neurons binds to receptors on muscle cells and produces EPSP

44
Q

biogenic amines

A

neurotransmitters derived from amino acids

45
Q

catecholamines

A

derived from tyrosine: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

46
Q

serotonin

A

derived from tryptophan and released many brain sites

47
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters

A

gamma aminobutyric acid, glycine, glutamate, aspartate

48
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain by increasing permeability of postsynaptic membrane to Cl-

49
Q

neuropeptides

A

relatively short peptide chains of amino acids-substance p and endorphins

50
Q

opiates

A

morphine and heroin bind to endorphin receptors which block pain and emotional stress

51
Q

gas neurotransmitters

A

carbon monoxide and nitric oxide

52
Q

cranial nerves

A

originate in brain and terminate mostly in organs of head and upper body

53
Q

spinal nerves

A

originate in spinal cord and extend to parts of body below the head

54
Q

PNS components

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

55
Q

somatic nervous system

A

carries signals to and from skeletal muscles, in response to external stimuli

56
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular

57
Q

sympathetic division

A

corresponds to arousal and energy generation

58
Q

sympathetic action

A

dilates pupil of eye, relaxes bronchi of lung, inhibits pancreas, stimulates glucose release from liver, accelerates heart

59
Q

parasympathetic division

A

promotes calming and return to self maintenance functions

60
Q

parasympathetic action

A

constricts pupil of eye, stimulates activity of stomach, stimulates gall bladder, constrics bronchi of lungs

61
Q

parasymp pregan neurotrans

A

acetylcholine

62
Q

parasymp postgan neurotrans

A

acetylcholine

63
Q

symp pregan neurotrans

A

acetylcholine

64
Q

symp postgan neurotrans

A

norepinephrine

65
Q

parasymp pregan neurons

A

brainstem and sacral segments of spinal cord

66
Q

parasymp postgan neurons

A

ganglia close to target organs

67
Q

symp pregan neurons

A

thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord

68
Q

symp postgan neurons

A

some ganglia close to organs; some chain of ganglia near spinal cord

69
Q

forebrain split 5 weeks

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

70
Q

midbrain split 5 weeks

A

mesencephalon

71
Q

hindbrain split 5 weeks

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

72
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebrum(cerebral cortext, white matter, basal nuclei)

73
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

74
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain(part of brainstem)

75
Q

metencephalon

A

pons(part of brainstem), cerebellum

76
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata(part of brainstem)

77
Q

medulla oblongata

A

contains centers that control breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, digestion

78
Q

pons

A

regulates the breathing centers in the medulla

79
Q

reticular formation

A

90 separate clusters of neural cell bodies in core of brainstem that regulates sleep and arousal

80
Q

serotonin

A

may be neurotransmitter for sleep and is synthesized from amino acid tryptophan

81
Q

cerebellum

A

next to brainstem; coordination and error checking during motor, perceptual, cognitive functions. eg: hand eye coordination

82
Q

epithalamus

A

diencephalon-includes pineal gland and choroid plexus,cluster of capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid from blood

83
Q

thalamus

A

diencephalon- main input center for sensory info going to cerebrum and main output center for motor info leaving cerebrum

84
Q

hypothalamus

A

diencephalon- source of posterior pituitary hormones and releasing hormones that act on anterior pituitary; hunger, pleasure center

85
Q

mammal bio clock

A

pair of hypothalamic structures called the suprachiasmatic nuclei

86
Q

basal nuclei

A

telencephalon- important centers for planning and learning movement sequences

87
Q

neocortex

A

mammals have this region of cerebral cortex which is six layers of neurons on outermost part of cerebrum

88
Q

cerebral cortex

A

telencephalon- sensory info analyzed, motor commands issued, language generated

89
Q

corpus callosum

A

enables communication between right and left cerebral cortices

90
Q

frontal lobe

A

speech and motor cortex

91
Q

parietal lobe

A

behind frontal: somatosensory(touch, pain) cortex, speech, taste, reading

92
Q

temporal lobe

A

lower lobe: auditory and smell

93
Q

occipital lobe

A

back lobe: visual cortex

94
Q

left hemisphere

A

language, math, logical operations; focused perception

95
Q

right hemisphere

A

pattern recognition, spatial relation; emotion, music

96
Q

broca’s area

A

frontal lobe: active during talking

97
Q

wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe: active during hearing and understanding speech

98
Q

limbic system

A

emotions: 3 parts of cerebral cortex(amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb)+some prefrontal cortex+sections hypothalamus and thalamus

99
Q

amygdala

A

temporal lobe- central to recognizing facial emotional expressions

100
Q

hippocampus

A

temporal lobe- explicit recall of events and long term memory

101
Q

long term potentiation

A

increase in synaptic transmission strength that can last for days or weeks in vertebrate brain

Biology (28 decks)

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