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Biology > DNA to protein > Flashcards

DNA to protein Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

structural genes

A

encode the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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2
Q

bacterial promoter

A

provides the site to begin transcription; site for RNA polymerase binding

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3
Q

transcription factors

A

recognizes base sequences in the DNA and controls transcription

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4
Q

ribosomal binding site

A

provides a location for the ribosome to bind and begin translation

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5
Q

transcription initiation

A

transcription factors binding to promoter site and enables RNA polymerase to bind and an open complex is formed

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6
Q

transcription synthesis/elongation

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA in open complex to synthesize RNA

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7
Q

transcription termination

A

terminator is reached that causes RNA polymerase and RNA transcript to dissociate from DNA

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8
Q

transcriptional start site

A

first base used as a template for RNA transcription and is denoted +1

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9
Q

Pribnow box

A

the -10 region in the bacterial promoter region with 5’-TATAAT-3’ as DNA sequence

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10
Q

bacteria sequence elements

A

two portions essential for promoter region is -35 and -10

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11
Q

RNA polymerase core enzyme

A

five subunits associate to form RNA polymerase and catalyze the synthesis of RNA

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12
Q

RNA polymerase holoenzyme

A

Association of the RNA polymerase core enzymes and sigma factor (recognizes the promoter)

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13
Q

sigma factor release

A

after the unwinding occurs at the -10 region, sigma factor is released and then transitions to the elongation phase of transcription

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14
Q

RNA synthesis

A

nucleoside triphosphates are used as precursors and pyrophosphate is released

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15
Q

rho dependent termination

A

a rho protein produces a stem loop structure and RNA dissociates

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16
Q

intrinsic termination

A

rho independent termination; two sequences begin the stem loop and NusA causes stopping of transcription and RNA is removed

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17
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

transcribes all of the genes that encode ribosomal RNA except for 5S RNA

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18
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

major role in cellular transcription because it transcribes all the structural genes

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19
Q

RNA polymerase III

A

transcribes all tRNA genes and the 5S rRNA gene

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20
Q

core promoter

A

eukaryotic promoter region with TATA box at -25 and transcriptional start site

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21
Q

basal transcription

A

core promoter produces a low level of transcription

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22
Q

eukaryotic regulatory elements

A

affect the ability of RNA polymerase to recognize the core promoter and begin the process of transcription

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23
Q

cis-acting elements

A

DNA sequences such as TATA box, enhancers, and silencers exert their effects over a particular gene; always on the same chromosome

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24
Q

trans-acting elements

A

regulatory transcription factors that bind to the cis-acting elements

25
Q

general transcription factors

A

there are 5 different proteins always needed for RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription of structural genes

26
Q

chromatin remodeling

A

either histone acetyltransferases or ATP dependent chromatin remodeling opens DNA from its winding of histones

27
Q

nucleolus

A

ribosomal subunits are assembled 45S rRNA is processed

28
Q

pre-mRNA

A

heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA); transcription of structural genes produces a long transcript that must undergo splicing of introns before exiting the nucleus

29
Q

spliceosome

A

large complex of snRNPs that splices the introns in pre-mRNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes

30
Q

snRNPs

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; composed of small nuclear RNA and a set of proteins

31
Q

alternative splicing

A

two or more different proteins can be derived from a single gene with different exons being chosen

32
Q

5’ cap

A

a 7-mylguanosine is covalently attached for the proper exit of most mRNA from nucleus and translation

33
Q

polyA tail

A

a string of adenine nucleotides are added enzymatically to the 3’ end in a process called polyadenylation

34
Q

sense codons

A

sequence of 3 bases in most codons specifies a particular amino acid

35
Q

start codon

A

AUG specifies methionine as usually first codon of polypeptide

36
Q

anticodons

A

3 nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to mRNA codons

37
Q

polypeptide-amino acid

A

polypeptides are composed of 20 different kinds of amino acids, so at least 20 codons are needed for each amino acid

38
Q

codon system

A

there is a 3 base codon system that produced 64 potential different codons

39
Q

degenerate genetic code

A

since only 20 different codons are needed, but there are 64 different potentials, more than one codon can specify same amino acid

40
Q

peptide formation

A

condensation reaction forms bond; the beginning of the polypeptide has amino group exposed and the ending has carboxyl group exposed

41
Q

primary structure

A

the polypeptide sequence

42
Q

secondary structure

A

alpha helix and beta sheets with hydrogen bonds

43
Q

tertiary structure

A

folding with hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen, van der waals, and disulfide bonding

44
Q

quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptides

45
Q

adaptor hypothesis

A

the anticodon in a tRNA specifies the type of amino acid it carries

46
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that catalyze the covalent bonding of the amino acid to tRNA

47
Q

aminoacyl tRNA

A

charged tRNA that has the amino acid attached to the 3’ end

48
Q

isoacceptor tRNA

A

two or more tRNA that differ at the wobble base are able to recognize the same codon

49
Q

translation: initiation

A

ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and first tRNA assemble into a complex

50
Q

translation: elongation

A

ribosome slides in 5’-3’ direction and tRNA molecules bind to the mRNA; amino acids are linked together

51
Q

translation: termination

A

stop codon is reached and disassembly occurs

52
Q

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

A

the ribosomal binding site for bacteria where mRNA and ribosomes bind together

53
Q

translation-initiator tRNA

A

in archaea and eukaryotes carries a methionine; in bacteria methionine has been covalently modified to N-formylmethionine

54
Q

translation-initiation site

A

tRNA fmet enters at the p site

55
Q

translation-elongation stage

A

tRNA enters at the A site

56
Q

peptidyl transfer

A

polypeptide is transferred from the P site to the A site by peptidyltransferase; ribosome then moves one codon to the right

57
Q

translation-termination

A

stop codons are recognized by released factors and not by tRNA

58
Q

bacterial coupling

A

a ribosome attaches to the 5’ end of mRNA and starts translation before transcription ends

59
Q

polyribosome

A

an mRNA transcript that has many bound ribosomes in the act of translation

Biology (28 decks)

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