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Biology > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

excretion purpose

A

how animals get rid of the nitrogen containing waste products of metabolism

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2
Q

isoosmotic

A

two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane have the same osmolarity and no net movement

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3
Q

hyperosmotic

A

with two solutions, the one with the greater concentration of solutes

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4
Q

hypoosmotic

A

with two solutions, the one that is more dilute or has a lower concentration of solutes

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5
Q

stenohaline

A

most animals cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osolarity

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6
Q

euryhaline

A

animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity such as salmon and tilapia

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7
Q

marine fish osmolarity

A

marine fishes constantly lose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion

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8
Q

marine fish h20 balance

A

after drinking seawater chloride ions are actively transported out through the gills and kidneys do the rest

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9
Q

anhydrobiosis

A

invertebrate animals such as tardigrades survive for up to 10 years in dehydrated state

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10
Q

transport epithelia

A

layer or layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movements

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11
Q

albatross transport epithelia

A

nasal salt glands that drip salt solution saltier than seawater

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12
Q

freshwater fish transport epithelia

A

gills of freshwater fish use active transport to move salts from dilute surrounding water into blood

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13
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

breakdown of macromolecules produces ammonia, which is a very toxic molecule

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14
Q

ammonia waste

A

mostly freshwater aquatic animals because ammonia can be tolerated at very dilute levels

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15
Q

urea

A

in liver combines ammonia with carbon dioxide and is used by mamals, most amphibians, sharks, some marine fishes

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16
Q

uric acid

A

insoluble in water and costs lots of ATP; insects, land snails, reptiles, birds

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17
Q

egg waste

A

uric acid can since insoluble in water can be secreted in eggs and not harm animal

18
Q

excretory filtration

A

tubule collects filtrate from blood including water and solutes pushed by blood pressure

19
Q

excretory reabsorption

A

transport epithelium reclaims essential substances and returns to capillary

20
Q

excretory secretion

A

toxins and excess ions are pumped from blood by active transport into filtrate tubule

21
Q

excretory excretion

A

filtrate leaves the body as waste

22
Q

protonephridia

A

excretory system of flatworms with network of dead end tubules lacking internal openings

23
Q

flame bulb

A

interstitial fluid filters through cap cell membrane and beating cilia pushes waste towards body wall

24
Q

nephridiopore

A

waste empties out of protonephridia through this opening in flatworm

25
Q

metanephridia

A

earthworms have these tubules that are the waste filtering system

26
Q

nephrostome

A

fluid enters the metanephridia through this from coelemic fluid

27
Q

nephridiopore

A

the bladder and earthworm excretion system exits here

28
Q

malphigian tubes

A

insects and terrestrial arthropods have waste removal with tubes open in waste and closed ends in hemolymph collecting salt, water, nitrogenous waste with reabsorption at rectum

29
Q

nephron

A

a single long tubule with a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus

30
Q

bowmans capsule

A

beginning of the tubule in the nephron which surrounds the glomerulus

31
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

well developed loops of henle found in 20% of human nephrons and only in mammals and birds

32
Q

loop of henle

A

hairpin turn that extends deeply into the renal medulla with a descending and ascending limb

33
Q

renal cortex

A

outside of the nephron where a proximal and distal tubule are located

34
Q

renal medulla

A

inside of nephron where the loop of henle and collecting duct are located

35
Q

afferent arteriole

A

branch of the renal artery that enters the glomerulus

36
Q

efferent arteriole

A

arterioles that leave the glomerulus

37
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

capillaries that surround the proximal and distal tubules

38
Q

vasa recta

A

capillaries that surround the loop of henle

39
Q

proximal tubule filtrate

A

transport epithelium allow the transfer of Na-Cl with water; transport of toxins and NH3 into the tubule

40
Q

descending loop of henle

A

transport epithelium is permeable to water but not to salt, which concentrates the filtrate

41
Q

ascending loop of henle

A

transport epithelium is permeable to salt but not water and upper portion actively transport salt, which concentrates interstitial fluid and lowers osmolarity of renal medulla

42
Q

collecting duct

A

water is lost to the hyperosmotic interstitial fluid as transport epithelium is not permeable to salt

Biology (28 decks)

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