respiration Flashcards
how do aquatic animals respirate
gills and diffusion
direct diffusion
movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
-animals: protozoans, sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms
During direct diffusion, when oxygen is low in the inside it will move into the _____
tissues
during direct diffusion, when carbon dioxide is in high concentration, it will move out of the ___
tissues
Gills exist as
- simple extensions
-brachial tufts
-internal gills are thin filamentous structures supplied with vessels
in gills, blood flow is ___ to the flow of water (counter current flow)
opposite
describe countercurrent flow in gills
highest concentration of oxygen in water meets lowest concentration of oxygen in blood to increase diffusion rate
ram ventilation
forward movement of water assists ventilation- keep swimming
buccal pumping
includes mouth and opercular cavity. water is drawn into the mouth, passes over gills, and exits gill cover (opercular clefts)
aerial animals use
tubes (trachae) and lungs
trachae animals
insects and arthropods
describe trachae air ventilation
-air enters and leaves through spiracles
-trachae extends to narrow tracheoles embedded in tissues
some animals ventilate their tracheal system with __
body movements
the tracheal system is ___ of the circulatory system
independent
salamander lung
smooth walled, bag like with no subdivisions
frog lungs
have divisions, more SA.
-breathe through buccal pumping
describe buccal pumping in frogs
-drawing in air: buccal cavity lowers, increases V, draws air through nostrils by positive pressure
-air into lungs: nostrils close, throat opens, buccal cavity raised and forced air into lungs
nonavian reptiles lungs: lizards
have greater SA because they are subdivided into air sacs, different lizard groups ventilate differently, buccal pumping, muscles that line abdomen, and muscular diaphragm,
bird lungs
extensive system of air sacs as resevoirs
-inhalation: 75% of air bypasses lung into airsacs
-exhalation: fresh air from air sacs flows through lung passages
*always fresh air available
intake of air in mammals
-air enters through nasal cavity through nostrils
-passes through nasal chambers lined with mucous epithelium
-internal nares lead to pharynx
-inhaled air passes into larynx through glottis
-air reaches trachea
path of air in mammals
-trachea branches into two bronchi
-bronchus subdivides into small bronchioles that lead to alveoli
-alveoli: tiny sacs with walls only one cell thick where gas exchange occurs
-during transport: inhaled air is filtered, warmed and moistened
ventilation in mammals:
-inhalation: ribcage moves up and thoracic cavity down, increasing volume of the thoracic cavity.
-exhalation: ribcage down and diaphragm up. decreases volume of thoracic cavity. pressure pushes air out
where does exchange of respiratory gases occur
-between alveoli and capillary network, to tissue cells around body
exchange of respiratory gases
oxygen: diffuse into cells with lower oxygen than blood, high to low concentration
carbon dioxide: diffuses out of cells with higher carbon dioxide than blood. blood returning from the body has high CO2 and transports to the lungs to retain oxygen
