respiration

Question 1

how do aquatic animals respirate

Answer 1

gills and diffusion

Question 2

direct diffusion

Answer 2

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
-animals: protozoans, sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms

Question 3

During direct diffusion, when oxygen is low in the inside it will move into the _____

Answer 3

tissues

Question 4

during direct diffusion, when carbon dioxide is in high concentration, it will move out of the ___

Answer 4

tissues

Question 5

Gills exist as

Answer 5

• simple extensions
  -brachial tufts
  -internal gills are thin filamentous structures supplied with vessels

Question 6

in gills, blood flow is ___ to the flow of water (counter current flow)

Answer 6

opposite

Question 7

describe countercurrent flow in gills

Answer 7

highest concentration of oxygen in water meets lowest concentration of oxygen in blood to increase diffusion rate

Question 8

ram ventilation

Answer 8

forward movement of water assists ventilation- keep swimming

Question 9

buccal pumping

Answer 9

includes mouth and opercular cavity. water is drawn into the mouth, passes over gills, and exits gill cover (opercular clefts)

Question 10

aerial animals use

Answer 10

tubes (trachae) and lungs

Question 11

trachae animals

Answer 11

insects and arthropods

Question 12

describe trachae air ventilation

Answer 12

-air enters and leaves through spiracles
-trachae extends to narrow tracheoles embedded in tissues

Question 13

some animals ventilate their tracheal system with __

Answer 13

body movements

Question 14

the tracheal system is ___ of the circulatory system

Answer 14

independent

Question 15

salamander lung

Answer 15

smooth walled, bag like with no subdivisions

Question 16

frog lungs

Answer 16

have divisions, more SA.
-breathe through buccal pumping

Question 17

describe buccal pumping in frogs

Answer 17

-drawing in air: buccal cavity lowers, increases V, draws air through nostrils by positive pressure
-air into lungs: nostrils close, throat opens, buccal cavity raised and forced air into lungs

Question 18

nonavian reptiles lungs: lizards

Answer 18

have greater SA because they are subdivided into air sacs, different lizard groups ventilate differently, buccal pumping, muscles that line abdomen, and muscular diaphragm,

Question 19

bird lungs

Answer 19

extensive system of air sacs as resevoirs
-inhalation: 75% of air bypasses lung into airsacs
-exhalation: fresh air from air sacs flows through lung passages
*always fresh air available

Question 20

intake of air in mammals

Answer 20

-air enters through nasal cavity through nostrils
-passes through nasal chambers lined with mucous epithelium
-internal nares lead to pharynx
-inhaled air passes into larynx through glottis
-air reaches trachea

Question 21

path of air in mammals

Answer 21

-trachea branches into two bronchi
-bronchus subdivides into small bronchioles that lead to alveoli
-alveoli: tiny sacs with walls only one cell thick where gas exchange occurs
-during transport: inhaled air is filtered, warmed and moistened

Question 22

ventilation in mammals:

Answer 22

-inhalation: ribcage moves up and thoracic cavity down, increasing volume of the thoracic cavity.
-exhalation: ribcage down and diaphragm up. decreases volume of thoracic cavity. pressure pushes air out

Question 23

where does exchange of respiratory gases occur

Answer 23

-between alveoli and capillary network, to tissue cells around body

Question 24

exchange of respiratory gases

Answer 24

oxygen: diffuse into cells with lower oxygen than blood, high to low concentration
carbon dioxide: diffuses out of cells with higher carbon dioxide than blood. blood returning from the body has high CO2 and transports to the lungs to retain oxygen