circulation

Question 1

intracellular fluid

Answer 1

sum of all the fluid inside the cells

Question 2

extracellular fluid

Answer 2

outside the cells, provides a buffer against physical and chemical changes
-closed circulatory systems: split into blood plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 3

blood plasma

Answer 3

contained in blood vessels

Question 4

interstitial fluid

Answer 4

lies between the cells in tissues, constantly formed form plasma moving in and out of vessels

Question 5

plasma, interstitial fluid, and intercellular fluid differ in ___ concentration and ____

Answer 5

-solute
-location

Question 6

what are the major components of blood

Answer 6

-plasma: 55% blood
-cells: 45% blood

Question 7

components of plasma

Answer 7

-90% water
-dissolved solids like plasma proteins, glucose, antibodies, hormones
-dissolved gases, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

Question 8

components of cells

Answer 8

-red blood cells (erythrocytes), contain hemoglobin for transport of respiratory gases
-white blood cells (leukocytes), help with immune function
-cell fragments (platelets or thrombocytes) function in blood clotting

Question 9

what are the different types of plasma proteins and their functions

Answer 9

-albumins: 60% total, keep plasma in osmotic equillibrium
-globulin: 35%, function in acquired immunity
-fibrinogen: 5%, blood clotting

Question 10

red blood cells exist in a ___ amount than leukocytes

Answer 10

larger

Question 11

where are RBS produced in mammals and birds?

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

kidney and spleen

Answer 12

site of production in other vertebrates

Question 13

describe the structure of RBC in humans and mammals:

Answer 13

-no nucleus or other organelles
-biconcave and maximize SA for gas exchange

Question 14

RBC in nonmammalian vertbrates:

Answer 14

-nucleated and oval shaped

Question 15

how are RBC’s disposed?

Answer 15

removed by macrophages in the liver, iron is salvaged and the remainder of the heme is converted to bilirubin, bile pigment

Question 16

there is more plasma in blood than cells

Answer 16

true

Question 17

blood coagulation summarized

Answer 17

series of chem reactions that produce a tangled network of fibers that entangles blood cells to form a gel like clot

Question 18

where are platelets formed

Answer 18

form in bone marrow fragments

Question 19

what are the steps of blood clotting

Answer 19

-platelets adhere to disruption
-platelets release clotting factors: thromboplastin
-thromboplastin and calcium ions initiate conversion of prothrombin
-prothrombin changes shape to thrombin (active)
-thrombin transforms plasma protein fibrinogen into (active) fibrin
-blood clots form as a tangled network of fibrin fibers

Question 20

blood clotting also forms from damaged cells..

Answer 20

tissue factors release clotting factor and tissue thromboplastin, same steps proceed.

Question 21

fish circulation:

Answer 21

• two chambered heart
• single loop takes blood from heart to gills then to body

Question 22

amphibian circulation

Answer 22

-3 chambered heart: two atria one ventricle
-look from heart goes to lung where gas exchange occurs, blood then goes to heart; mixing occurs in ventricle
- reduces efficiency of oxygenation

Question 23

bird and mammal circulation

Answer 23

• four-chambered heart with complete separation of both systemic and pulmonary circuit.

Question 24

what is the necessity for circulatory systems

Answer 24

living things need to transport nutrients, waste, and gases into or out of cells

Question 25

invertebrate blood

Answer 25

although they may have an open or closed system, nutrients/ blood is still transferred in a circulatory movement