digestion

Question 1

suspension feeders

Answer 1

filter feeders
-eat floating microscopic particles consisting of plankton and organic debris
-use ciliated surfaces to draw drifting food into mouth
-trap food on mucous sheets that convey food to digestive tract
-sweeping movements

Question 2

deposit feeders

Answer 2

extract organic material or debris from substrate

Question 3

deposit feeders annelids and hemichordates deposit feeders:

Answer 3

pass substrate through bodies as they move and remove nutrients

Question 4

mulluscs and tube dwelling annelids deposit feeders:

Answer 4

use apendages

Question 5

fluid feeders

Answer 5

-common in parasites
-internal parasites: absorb nutrients around them through their integument
-external parasites: pierce or rasp tissues of the host to access blood

Question 6

feeding on food masses

Answer 6

predators locate, capture, hold, and swallow prey

Question 7

predators use ___ and ___ to seize prey

Answer 7

jaws and teeth

Question 8

mammals use ___ mastication

Answer 8

true

Question 9

incisors

Answer 9

bite, cut, strip food

Question 10

canines

Answer 10

seize, pierce and tear food

Question 11

premolars and molars

Answer 11

grind and crush

Question 12

mechanical and chemical digestion breaks down food into small units for absorption for cells

Answer 12

example: carbs, proteins, etc into monomers

Question 13

intracellular digestion is present in

Answer 13

sponges and protozoa

Question 14

describe the processes of intracellular digestion

Answer 14

-only small foods
-food particles are phagocytized
-lysosomes with digestive enzymes fuse with food vacuoles
-usable products are absorbed into cyto
-undigestible wastes exit through exocytosis

Question 15

extracellular digestion uses ___

Answer 15

alimentary system: specialized lining of cells for digestion and absorption

Question 16

extracellular digestion relies on digestive enzymes that use ___

Answer 16

hydrolysis

Question 17

what are the alimentary canal stages

Answer 17

-reception
-conduction and storage
-grinding and early digestion
-terminal digestion
-water absorption and conc. of solids

Question 18

reception

Answer 18

-mouthparts: jaws, teeth, radula, bills
-inner chamber: buccal cavity and pharynx
-salivary glands: produce lubricating secretions. can also produce digestive enzymes, toxins, anesthetics, and anticoagulants

Question 19

conduction

Answer 19

-structure: esophagus; leads from pharynx to stomach
-uses peristalsis: propels food by rhythmic smooth muscular contraction

Question 20

storage in vertebrates

Answer 20

stomach except birds

Question 21

storage in insects, birds, annelids, octopods

Answer 21

esophagus expands to a crop; food storage area
-birds: softens grain and allows mild fermentation

Question 22

grinding and early digestion

Answer 22

-vertebrates and some invertebrate stomach: region for initial digestion and storage of food. secrete acidic gastric juices for extracellular digestion
-herbivores: continue grinding and crushing plants in stomach
-oligochaetes and birds: swallowed stones and grit assist muscular gizzard

Question 23

terminal digestion and absorption

Answer 23

place: small intestines
-cells of small intestines: have digestive enzymes embedded as transmembrane proteins- absorbed by villi

Question 24

water absorption and concentration of solids

Answer 24

-large intestine: turns undigested material as semisolid feces
-insects: need reabsorption of water- have specialized rectal glands that absorb water and ions leaving dry fecal pellets
-reptiles and birds: most water is reabsorbed in cloaca- leaving paste like feces
-adult humans: 1/3 of feces is bacteria; plays a role on degrading organic wastes and providing vitamins