Ch. 1 and Ch.10 (lab) Flashcards
what is life?
self-sustaining chemical system capable of evolution
general properties of living systems
- chemical uniqueness
- complexity and hierarchical organization
- reproduction
- possession of genetic program
- metabolism
- development
- environmental interaction
- movement
chemical uniqueness is a fundamental property that supports…
living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization.
although living systems are composed of the same atoms obeying the same fundamental laws of chemistry as nonliving matter, the ___ of the macromolecules makes them unique
organizational structure
complexity and hierarchical organization is a fundamental property that supports…
living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization.
-each level has more properties than the one below.
emergence
each level has properties that are greater than the sum of its parts
reproduction is a fundamental property:
at each level of the biological hierarchy, living forms reproduce to generate other like themselves
genetic program (fundamental property) provides ___
fidelity of inheritance: offspring resemble parents
genetic program includes …..
nucleic acids, DNA, genetic code
metabolism is a fundamental property that needs living organisms to ___ themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments.
maintain
the fundamental property that describes the changes than an organism undergoes from its origin to its final form.
development
environmental interaction (fundamental property) that includes
all organisms interact with their environments
during a process called ____, all organisms respond to environmental stimuli.
irritability
movement (fundamental property)
living systems and their parts show precise and controlled movements arising from within the system.
movements at the cellular level, enzymes changing shape, and animals foraging and migrating are examples of ___
movement (fundamental property)
characteristics of animals
-eukaryotes
-heterotrophs
-lack cell walls
-have an internal microbiome
heterotroph
not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources
what is science
a way of discovering explanations for natural phenomena
science is both a ____ and a ____
- body of knowledge
- process
steps of the scientific method
- observation
- question
- hypothesis formation
- make predictions
- empirical test
- conclusions ; accept or reject hypothesis
- publication
theory
a powerful hypothesis that explains a wide variety of related phenomena
paradigms
powerful theories that guide extensive research
scientific revolution
refutement and replacement of a paradigm
Darwin’s theories
- perpetual change
- common descent
- multiplication of the species
- gradualism
- natural selection
perpetual change describes a living world is neither ____ nor ____, but is always changing
-constant
-cycling
common descent supports…
all forms of life descend from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages- phylogeny
multiplication of species is a evolutionary process that produces new spieces by ___ and ___ older ones
-splitting
-transforming
gradualism
large difference in anatomic traits that characterize disparate species originate through the accumulation of small incremental changes over long periods of time
natural selection
creative process that generates novel forms from the small individual variations that occur among organisms within a population.
natural selection leads to ___
adapations
adaptation
anatomical structure, physiological process, or behavior trait that evolved by natural selection and improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.
diploid individuals have ___ of each gene
two copies
during gamete formation paired genes in the parent ___ from eachother
segregate
eache gamete receives ___ copy of each gene
one
taxonomy
formal system for naming and classifying species following common descent
systematics
classifies organisms based on studies of variation among populations that reveal their evolutionary relationships
during systemization ____ variation is used to diagnose systems of common descent
character
homology
character similarity resulting from common ancestry
analogy
character similarity with separate evolutionary origins
outgroup is the species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverges ___ the lineage that includes the species being studied
before
roles of mendelian genetics in animal evolution
shows that parents give their traits (genes) to offspring
mendelian genetics clarifies ____
particulate inheritance: discrete heritable units
role of chromosomal theory in animal evolution
genes are the units of heredity and are found in chromosomes.
