Ch. 1 and Ch.10 (lab)

Question 1

what is life?

Answer 1

self-sustaining chemical system capable of evolution

Question 2

general properties of living systems

Answer 2

1. chemical uniqueness
2. complexity and hierarchical organization
3. reproduction
4. possession of genetic program
5. metabolism
6. development
7. environmental interaction
8. movement

Question 3

chemical uniqueness is a fundamental property that supports…

Answer 3

living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization.

Question 4

although living systems are composed of the same atoms obeying the same fundamental laws of chemistry as nonliving matter, the ___ of the macromolecules makes them unique

Answer 4

organizational structure

Question 5

complexity and hierarchical organization is a fundamental property that supports…

Answer 5

living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization.
-each level has more properties than the one below.

Question 6

emergence

Answer 6

each level has properties that are greater than the sum of its parts

Question 7

reproduction is a fundamental property:

Answer 7

at each level of the biological hierarchy, living forms reproduce to generate other like themselves

Question 8

genetic program (fundamental property) provides ___

Answer 8

fidelity of inheritance: offspring resemble parents

Question 9

genetic program includes …..

Answer 9

nucleic acids, DNA, genetic code

Question 10

metabolism is a fundamental property that needs living organisms to ___ themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments.

Answer 10

maintain

Question 11

the fundamental property that describes the changes than an organism undergoes from its origin to its final form.

Answer 11

development

Question 12

environmental interaction (fundamental property) that includes

Answer 12

all organisms interact with their environments

Question 13

during a process called ____, all organisms respond to environmental stimuli.

Answer 13

irritability

Question 14

movement (fundamental property)

Answer 14

living systems and their parts show precise and controlled movements arising from within the system.

Question 15

movements at the cellular level, enzymes changing shape, and animals foraging and migrating are examples of ___

Answer 15

movement (fundamental property)

Question 16

characteristics of animals

Answer 16

-eukaryotes
-heterotrophs
-lack cell walls
-have an internal microbiome

Question 17

heterotroph

Answer 17

not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources

Question 18

what is science

Answer 18

a way of discovering explanations for natural phenomena

Question 19

science is both a ____ and a ____

Answer 19

• body of knowledge
• process

Question 20

steps of the scientific method

Answer 20

1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis formation
4. make predictions
5. empirical test
6. conclusions ; accept or reject hypothesis
7. publication

Question 21

theory

Answer 21

a powerful hypothesis that explains a wide variety of related phenomena

Question 22

paradigms

Answer 22

powerful theories that guide extensive research

Question 23

scientific revolution

Answer 23

refutement and replacement of a paradigm

Question 24

Darwin’s theories

Answer 24

1. perpetual change
2. common descent
3. multiplication of the species
4. gradualism
5. natural selection

Question 25

perpetual change describes a living world is neither ____ nor ____, but is always changing

Answer 25

-constant
-cycling

Question 26

common descent supports…

Answer 26

all forms of life descend from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages- phylogeny

Question 27

multiplication of species is a evolutionary process that produces new spieces by ___ and ___ older ones

Answer 27

-splitting
-transforming

Question 28

gradualism

Answer 28

large difference in anatomic traits that characterize disparate species originate through the accumulation of small incremental changes over long periods of time

Question 29

natural selection

Answer 29

creative process that generates novel forms from the small individual variations that occur among organisms within a population.

Question 30

natural selection leads to ___

Answer 30

adapations

Question 31

adaptation

Answer 31

anatomical structure, physiological process, or behavior trait that evolved by natural selection and improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.

Question 32

diploid individuals have ___ of each gene

Answer 32

two copies

Question 33

during gamete formation paired genes in the parent ___ from eachother

Answer 33

segregate

Question 34

eache gamete receives ___ copy of each gene

Answer 34

one

Question 35

taxonomy

Answer 35

formal system for naming and classifying species following common descent

Question 36

systematics

Answer 36

classifies organisms based on studies of variation among populations that reveal their evolutionary relationships

Question 37

during systemization ____ variation is used to diagnose systems of common descent

Answer 37

character

Question 38

homology

Answer 38

character similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 39

analogy

Answer 39

character similarity with separate evolutionary origins

Question 40

outgroup is the species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverges ___ the lineage that includes the species being studied

Answer 40

before

Question 41

roles of mendelian genetics in animal evolution

Answer 41

shows that parents give their traits (genes) to offspring

Question 42

mendelian genetics clarifies ____

Answer 42

particulate inheritance: discrete heritable units

Question 43

role of chromosomal theory in animal evolution

Answer 43

genes are the units of heredity and are found in chromosomes.