endocrine system

Question 1

chemical messengers, bind to target cells with specific receptors. part of the endocrine system

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

the ___ controls processes that take a while, controls actions of the body

Answer 2

endorcrine system

Question 3

hormones are secreted through

Answer 3

exocrine glands

Question 4

what are the types of receptors hormones act through?

Answer 4

-membrane receptors: cell membrane
-nuclear receptors: nuclear membrane
-cytoplasmic receptors: cytoplasm of organelles

Question 5

target cells must have ____ for hormones to affect them

Answer 5

specific receptors

Question 6

thyroid hormone receptors

Answer 6

membrane receptors and nuclear/cytoplasmic receptors

Question 7

describe the process of thyroid hormones binding to their receptors on a target cell

Answer 7

1. thyroid hormones bind to a membrane receptor and are transported into the cell by active transport using ATP
2. bind to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors- hormone complex; gene regulatory protein
3. transport to the nucleus to alter gene expression

Question 8

describe the process of steroid hormones binding to their receptors on a target cell

Answer 8

1.steroid hormones, estrogen and testosterone, are lipid soluble and can diffuse through cell membranes
2. hormone can end up in the cytoplasm or nucleus, meets a gene regulatory protein
4. ultimate site of activity is in the nucleus.

Question 9

what is a gene regulatory protein

Answer 9

activates or inhibits specific genes

Question 10

why is the second messenger system needed

Answer 10

some hormones can be too large, too polar, or charged to pass across a cell membrane

Question 11

describe the second messenger system

Answer 11

1. first messenger: hormone binds to a transmembrane protein that act as membrane receptors on the surface of target cells, activates second messenger -uses ATP
2. second messenger system: in the cytoplasm, the second messenger ex. cAMP, activates kinase
3. kinase activates or inactivates enzymes that modify the direction and rate of cellular activity; phosphorylates

Question 12

hormone functions

Answer 12

*influence cellular functions by altering rates of biochemical processes
-affect enzyme activity and alter cell metabolism
-change membrane permeability
-regulate synthesis of proteins
-stimulate release of hormones from other glands

Question 13

hormones are regulated by

Answer 13

-rate of secretion
-activation and inactivation rates

Question 14

hormones need to receive info of its levels in the ___

Answer 14

plasma

Question 15

negative feedback

Answer 15

rising levels of on hormone decreases the secretion of another

Question 16

output escalates rather than remaining around a set point

Answer 16

positive feedback