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Zoology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

immunity you are born with

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2
Q

innate immunity does not rely on

A

previous exposure

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3
Q

innate immunity splits into

A

-humoral
-cellular

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4
Q

humoral innate immunity

A

involves substances found in body fluids that interfere with pathogen growth or clump pathogens together for easy disposal

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5
Q

cellular innate immunity

A

involved cells called phagocytes that eat pathogens and by natural killer cells that destroy abnormal body cells

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6
Q

recognizes and destroys pathogens that the immune system has encountered before

A

acquired immunity

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7
Q

acquired immunity provides a _____ memory so that the body can fight off a pathogen better in the futre

A

immunologic

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8
Q

what are the types of innate defense mechanisms?

A

-physical barriers
-chemical defenses
-cellular defenses

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9
Q

physical barriers are….

A

animal surfaces like integument and mucous membranes

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10
Q

physical barriers are the first barrier to

A

invading organisms

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11
Q

animal secretions contain antimicrobial substances or create an environment that inhibits pathogen growth (low pH)

A

chemical defenses

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12
Q

(chemical defenses) lysozyme

A

attacks the cell wall of bacteria

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13
Q

(chemical defenses) cytokine

A

regulate immune processes by signaling other cells

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14
Q

(chemical defenses) what is the complement system composed of

A

composed of small proteins that circulate in the blood

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15
Q

when the complement system is triggered, enzymes cleave proteins and release ___, which engage in further cleavage

A

cytokines

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16
Q

(chemical defenses) antimicrobial peptides

A

short chains of amino acids, exist among many animals

17
Q

attach to cells and make holes in membranes

A

antimicrobial peptides

18
Q

phagocytosis is an example of

A

cellular defense

19
Q

phagocytosis definition

A

involved recognition of non-self materials and also clears aging cells and cellular debris

20
Q

phagocytosis is also a

A

feeding mechanism

21
Q

briefly describe phagocytosis

A

engulfs particles which are then digested by lysosomes

22
Q

major histocompatibility surface receptor

A

phagocyte presents the antigen on a surface receptor which can activate parts of the acquired immune system

23
Q

cellular defenses in invertebrates

A

-ameobocytes, hemocytes, coelomocytes
-engulf small particles
-encapsulate large particles

24
Q

vertebrate cell-mediated immunity (acquired immunity)

A

carried out by t cells, b cells, and other antigen presenting cells

25
Q

lymphocytes are the primary components of the

A

acquired immune system of vertebrates

26
Q

lymphocytes derive from

A

stem cells in bone marrow

27
Q

b cells mature in ___ and are released into the ___and ____(body fluid)

A

-bone marrow
-blood and lymph

28
Q

b cells have ____ on their surface

A

membrane bound antibodies

29
Q

membrane bound antibodies

A

receptors that are specific to an antigen

30
Q

what happens to a b cell when it encounters its matching antigen?

A

it divides into a memory B cell or a plasma cell

31
Q

what do plasma cells secrete?

A

-secrete antibodies that identify more of the specific antigen that may be free in the body

32
Q

t cells complete their development in the ___ and undergo extensive genetic recombination leading to a large diversity of ___ they can respond to

A

-thymus gland
-anitgens

33
Q

to prevent attacks on the body, t cell receptors can only recognize antigens that are bound to ___ on other cells

A

MHC

34
Q

what are the 3 sub types of t cells and their functions

A

-helper t cells: activate cytotoxic t cells, b cells, and other immune cells
-cytotoxic t cells: kill pathogens and infected host cells
-t regulatory cells: help distinguish b/w self and nonself molecules, reducing the risk of autoimmune disease

35
Q

humoral immunity (acquired immune system)

A

relies on serum antibodies produced by plasma cells

36
Q

proteins called immunoglobulin’s

A

antibodies

37
Q

where are antibodies located

A

-the surface of b lymphocytes
-secreted by plasma cells from b cells

38
Q

what are the functions of antibodies?

A

-mediate destruction of invader by:
-coat particles, stimulate macrophages
-prevent molecules from binding to their target cells
-activation of compliment perforates the invading cell
-antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity: activate contact killing of an invader

39
Q

What is the result of the activation of the complement system?

A

Phagocyte attraction and stimulation, inflammation, and an attack on the invaders membrane

Zoology (29 decks)

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