Immunity

Question 1

what is innate immunity?

Answer 1

immunity you are born with

Question 2

innate immunity does not rely on

Answer 2

previous exposure

Question 3

innate immunity splits into

Answer 3

-humoral
-cellular

Question 4

humoral innate immunity

Answer 4

involves substances found in body fluids that interfere with pathogen growth or clump pathogens together for easy disposal

Question 5

cellular innate immunity

Answer 5

involved cells called phagocytes that eat pathogens and by natural killer cells that destroy abnormal body cells

Question 6

recognizes and destroys pathogens that the immune system has encountered before

Answer 6

acquired immunity

Question 7

acquired immunity provides a _____ memory so that the body can fight off a pathogen better in the futre

Answer 7

immunologic

Question 8

what are the types of innate defense mechanisms?

Answer 8

-physical barriers
-chemical defenses
-cellular defenses

Question 9

physical barriers are….

Answer 9

animal surfaces like integument and mucous membranes

Question 10

physical barriers are the first barrier to

Answer 10

invading organisms

Question 11

animal secretions contain antimicrobial substances or create an environment that inhibits pathogen growth (low pH)

Answer 11

chemical defenses

Question 12

(chemical defenses) lysozyme

Answer 12

attacks the cell wall of bacteria

Question 13

(chemical defenses) cytokine

Answer 13

regulate immune processes by signaling other cells

Question 14

(chemical defenses) what is the complement system composed of

Answer 14

composed of small proteins that circulate in the blood

Question 15

when the complement system is triggered, enzymes cleave proteins and release ___, which engage in further cleavage

Answer 15

cytokines

Question 16

(chemical defenses) antimicrobial peptides

Answer 16

short chains of amino acids, exist among many animals

Question 17

attach to cells and make holes in membranes

Answer 17

antimicrobial peptides

Question 18

phagocytosis is an example of

Answer 18

cellular defense

Question 19

phagocytosis definition

Answer 19

involved recognition of non-self materials and also clears aging cells and cellular debris

Question 20

phagocytosis is also a

Answer 20

feeding mechanism

Question 21

briefly describe phagocytosis

Answer 21

engulfs particles which are then digested by lysosomes

Question 22

major histocompatibility surface receptor

Answer 22

phagocyte presents the antigen on a surface receptor which can activate parts of the acquired immune system

Question 23

cellular defenses in invertebrates

Answer 23

-ameobocytes, hemocytes, coelomocytes
-engulf small particles
-encapsulate large particles

Question 24

vertebrate cell-mediated immunity (acquired immunity)

Answer 24

carried out by t cells, b cells, and other antigen presenting cells

Question 25

lymphocytes are the primary components of the

Answer 25

acquired immune system of vertebrates

Question 26

lymphocytes derive from

Answer 26

stem cells in bone marrow

Question 27

b cells mature in ___ and are released into the ___and ____(body fluid)

Answer 27

-bone marrow -blood and lymph

Question 28

b cells have ____ on their surface

Answer 28

membrane bound antibodies

Question 29

membrane bound antibodies

Answer 29

receptors that are specific to an antigen

Question 30

what happens to a b cell when it encounters its matching antigen?

Answer 30

it divides into a memory B cell or a plasma cell

Question 31

what do plasma cells secrete?

Answer 31

-secrete antibodies that identify more of the specific antigen that may be free in the body

Question 32

t cells complete their development in the ___ and undergo extensive genetic recombination leading to a large diversity of ___ they can respond to

Answer 32

-thymus gland -anitgens

Question 33

to prevent attacks on the body, t cell receptors can only recognize antigens that are bound to ___ on other cells

Answer 33

MHC

Question 34

what are the 3 sub types of t cells and their functions

Answer 34

-helper t cells: activate cytotoxic t cells, b cells, and other immune cells -cytotoxic t cells: kill pathogens and infected host cells -t regulatory cells: help distinguish b/w self and nonself molecules, reducing the risk of autoimmune disease

Question 35

humoral immunity (acquired immune system)

Answer 35

relies on serum antibodies produced by plasma cells

Question 36

proteins called immunoglobulin's

Answer 36

antibodies

Question 37

where are antibodies located

Answer 37

-the surface of b lymphocytes -secreted by plasma cells from b cells

Question 38

what are the functions of antibodies?

Answer 38

-mediate destruction of invader by: -coat particles, stimulate macrophages -prevent molecules from binding to their target cells -activation of compliment perforates the invading cell -antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity: activate contact killing of an invader

Question 39

What is the result of the activation of the complement system?

Answer 39

Phagocyte attraction and stimulation, inflammation, and an attack on the invaders membrane