resp lec 2 Flashcards
what are principle/primary vs accessory muscles used for?
- principle/primary: passive inspiration
- accessory: active inspiration
for inspiration to occur, the lungs must expand. This ____ the lung volume, ____ the pressure in the lungs relative to the atmospheric pressure.
increases, decreases
what is the principle muscle of inspiration? which two muscles assist?
- principle: diaphragm
- assist: external intercostals and interchondral internal intercostals
3 parts of diaphragm?
- sternal (xiphoid process)
- costal (ribs)
- lumbar (vertebrae)
where does the diaphragm insert?
central tendon
what innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic nerves (C3-C5)
what does the diaphragm separate?
thoracic and abdominal cavity
Contraction of the diaphragm pulls central tendon ___ward, resulting in expansion of the thorax leading to ____.
down
inhalation
where are the external intercostals located? how many on each side? where do they originate and insert? what is their innervation?
- between ribs
- 11
- origin: inferior superior rib, insert: superior inferior rib
- innervation: intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
are the external intercostals superficial or deep?
superficial
what is the action of the external intercostals? what does it result in?
- expands ribs in transverse direction/superiorly and sternum anteriorly
- inhalation
where do the interchondral part of the internal intercostals originate and insert? what is the innervation?
- origin: inferior ribs
- insert: superior cartilaginous part of rib below
- innervation: T1-T11
what is the action of the interchondral part of the internal intercostals? what does this do to the chest wall?
- lifts ribs (inhalation)
- chest wall stiffens
which muscles are active during forced inhalation? (6)
- pec major
- pec minor
- serratus
- sternocleidomastoid
- quadratus lumborum
- scalene (ant, mid, post)
(accessory muscles)
origin, insertion, action of: pec major
- humerus
- clavicle
- sternum + ribs UP
origin, insertion, action of: pec minor
- scapula
- ribs
- ribs 3-5 UP
origin, insertion, action of: serratus
- scapula
- ribs
- upper ribs UP
origin, insertion, action of: sternocleidomastoid
- temporal bone
- sternum, clavicle
- turn head, sternum/rib cage UP
origin, insertion, action of: quadratus lumborum
- iliac crest
- ribs and lumbar vertebrae
- stabilizes lower ribs
origin, insertion, action of: scalene muscles
- cervical vertebrae
- ribs
- ribs UP
what group of muscles is used less than what is typical during clavicular breathing?
- diaphragm
- lower intercostals
what group of muscles is used more than what is typical during clavicular breathing?
accessory muscles
what is a condition that may result in clavicular breathing?
COPD, asthma, neuromuscular diseases
muscles of active expiration cause the air to rush out of the thorax in two ways. what are they?
- ribs move in and down (squish lungs)
- abs contract – force guts up to chest (squish lungs)
is expiration usually active or passive?
passive
principle muscles of expiration? (7)
- Internal intercostal muscles (interosseus part)
- Rectus abdominus
- External oblique muscles
- Internal oblique muscle
- Transverse abdominal muscle
- Transverse thoracic muscle
- Latissimus dorsi muscle
when may muscles of active expiration be used?
when yelling
expiration occurs when the pressure in the lungs is ___ than the atmosphere.
greater
During normal quiet breathing, most expiration occurs by ___.
elastic recoil
which direction do the ribs move during expiration? what about the diaphragm?
- ribs: inferiorly
- diaphragm: superiorly
function of internal intercostals during active exhalation?
depress ribs
in order from deep to superficial, the intercostal muscles are…
transversus thoracic, innermost, internal intercostals
where is the interosseus part of the int intercostal muscles? origin? insertion? innervation? action?
- between bones
- origin: inner surface of lower rib
- insertion: inner surface of rib above
- innervation: T1-T11
- action: ribs brought closer/down
origin, insertion, action, innervation of: rectus abdominus
- pubic crest
- costal cartilages 5-7/xiphoid process
- compress abdomen
- T7-T11, T12
origin, insertion, action, innervation of: external oblique
- 8 lowest ribs
- iliac crest
- compress abdomen
- T7-T11, T12
origin, insertion, action, innervation of: transversus abdominus
- iliac crest
- aponeurosis
- compress abdomen
- T1-T11, T12, L1
origin, insertion, action, innervation of: internal oblique
- iliac crest
- costal cartilages 3-4, aponeurosis
- compress abdomen
- T7-T11, T12, L1
origin, insertion, action, innervation of: transverse thoracis
- internal rib cage
- internal costal cartilage
- ribs down
- T2-T6
origin, insertion, action of: latissmus dorsi
- spinous process of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae
- humerus
- compress thorax for forced expiration, elevates ribs for forced inspiration
what are the opposite muscle pairs of the inspiratory and expiratory systems?
- external intercostals + serratus posterior superior for inhalation
- internal intercostals + serratus posterior inferior for exhalation
are inhalation muscles usually high or low? deep or superficial?
- high
- superficial
are exhalation muscles usually high or low? deep or superficial?
- low
- deep
3 parts of abdominal aponeurosis?
- linea alba
- linea semilunaris
- inguinal ligament
EMBRYOLOGY: what happens at week 4?
Median laryngotracheal groove appears on floor of foregut (cranial part which becomes pharynx, esophagus, stomach, anterior intestine)
EMBRYOLOGY: what does the groove form when it deepens?
diverticulum
EMBRYOLOGY: what does the diverticulum form?
laryngotracheal tube
EMBRYOLOGY: what does the cranial vs caudal end of the tube become?
- cranial: laryngeal epithelium
- caudal: lower resp system
EMBRYOLOGY: describe the development of the lung buds on the caudal part of the tube at weeks 16, 24, and age 3
- week 16: major lung elements form
- week 24: resp is possible but immature
- age 3: alveolar development almost complete
EMBRYOLOGY: until what age do new alveoli continue to develop until?
age 8
what kind of blood does the pulmonary artery receieve and from where?
- deoxygenated
- right heart
where does the pulmonary artery bifurcate?
below aortic arch
where does the pulmonary artery transport blood?
capillary beds (for oxygen/CO2 exchange)
what kind of blood do the pulmonary veins transport and where?
- oxygenated
- back to heart
