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slp1502: anatomy > resp lec 2 > Flashcards

resp lec 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are principle/primary vs accessory muscles used for?

A
  • principle/primary: passive inspiration
  • accessory: active inspiration
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2
Q

for inspiration to occur, the lungs must expand. This ____ the lung volume, ____ the pressure in the lungs relative to the atmospheric pressure.

A

increases, decreases

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3
Q

what is the principle muscle of inspiration? which two muscles assist?

A
  • principle: diaphragm
  • assist: external intercostals and interchondral internal intercostals
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4
Q

3 parts of diaphragm?

A
  1. sternal (xiphoid process)
  2. costal (ribs)
  3. lumbar (vertebrae)
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5
Q

where does the diaphragm insert?

A

central tendon

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6
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerves (C3-C5)

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7
Q

what does the diaphragm separate?

A

thoracic and abdominal cavity

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8
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm pulls central tendon ___ward, resulting in expansion of the thorax leading to ____.

A

down
inhalation

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9
Q

where are the external intercostals located? how many on each side? where do they originate and insert? what is their innervation?

A
  • between ribs
  • 11
  • origin: inferior superior rib, insert: superior inferior rib
  • innervation: intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
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10
Q

are the external intercostals superficial or deep?

A

superficial

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11
Q

what is the action of the external intercostals? what does it result in?

A
  • expands ribs in transverse direction/superiorly and sternum anteriorly
  • inhalation
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12
Q

where do the interchondral part of the internal intercostals originate and insert? what is the innervation?

A
  • origin: inferior ribs
  • insert: superior cartilaginous part of rib below
  • innervation: T1-T11
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13
Q

what is the action of the interchondral part of the internal intercostals? what does this do to the chest wall?

A
  • lifts ribs (inhalation)
  • chest wall stiffens
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14
Q

which muscles are active during forced inhalation? (6)

A
  1. pec major
  2. pec minor
  3. serratus
  4. sternocleidomastoid
  5. quadratus lumborum
  6. scalene (ant, mid, post)

(accessory muscles)

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15
Q

origin, insertion, action of: pec major

A
  • humerus
  • clavicle
  • sternum + ribs UP
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16
Q

origin, insertion, action of: pec minor

A
  • scapula
  • ribs
  • ribs 3-5 UP
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17
Q

origin, insertion, action of: serratus

A
  • scapula
  • ribs
  • upper ribs UP
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18
Q

origin, insertion, action of: sternocleidomastoid

A
  • temporal bone
  • sternum, clavicle
  • turn head, sternum/rib cage UP
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19
Q

origin, insertion, action of: quadratus lumborum

A
  • iliac crest
  • ribs and lumbar vertebrae
  • stabilizes lower ribs
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20
Q

origin, insertion, action of: scalene muscles

A
  • cervical vertebrae
  • ribs
  • ribs UP
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21
Q

what group of muscles is used less than what is typical during clavicular breathing?

A
  • diaphragm
  • lower intercostals
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22
Q

what group of muscles is used more than what is typical during clavicular breathing?

A

accessory muscles

23
Q

what is a condition that may result in clavicular breathing?

A

COPD, asthma, neuromuscular diseases

24
Q

muscles of active expiration cause the air to rush out of the thorax in two ways. what are they?

A
  1. ribs move in and down (squish lungs)
  2. abs contract – force guts up to chest (squish lungs)
25
Q

is expiration usually active or passive?

A

passive

26
Q

principle muscles of expiration? (7)

A
  1. Internal intercostal muscles (interosseus part)
  2. Rectus abdominus
  3. External oblique muscles
  4. Internal oblique muscle
  5. Transverse abdominal muscle
  6. Transverse thoracic muscle
  7. Latissimus dorsi muscle
26
Q

when may muscles of active expiration be used?

A

when yelling

27
Q

expiration occurs when the pressure in the lungs is ___ than the atmosphere.

A

greater

28
Q

During normal quiet breathing, most expiration occurs by ___.

A

elastic recoil

29
Q

which direction do the ribs move during expiration? what about the diaphragm?

A
  • ribs: inferiorly
  • diaphragm: superiorly
30
Q

function of internal intercostals during active exhalation?

A

depress ribs

31
Q

in order from deep to superficial, the intercostal muscles are…

A

transversus thoracic, innermost, internal intercostals

32
Q

where is the interosseus part of the int intercostal muscles? origin? insertion? innervation? action?

A
  • between bones
  • origin: inner surface of lower rib
  • insertion: inner surface of rib above
  • innervation: T1-T11
  • action: ribs brought closer/down
33
Q

origin, insertion, action, innervation of: rectus abdominus

A
  • pubic crest
  • costal cartilages 5-7/xiphoid process
  • compress abdomen
  • T7-T11, T12
34
Q

origin, insertion, action, innervation of: external oblique

A
  • 8 lowest ribs
  • iliac crest
  • compress abdomen
  • T7-T11, T12
35
Q

origin, insertion, action, innervation of: transversus abdominus

A
  • iliac crest
  • aponeurosis
  • compress abdomen
  • T1-T11, T12, L1
36
Q

origin, insertion, action, innervation of: internal oblique

A
  • iliac crest
  • costal cartilages 3-4, aponeurosis
  • compress abdomen
  • T7-T11, T12, L1
37
Q

origin, insertion, action, innervation of: transverse thoracis

A
  • internal rib cage
  • internal costal cartilage
  • ribs down
  • T2-T6
38
Q

origin, insertion, action of: latissmus dorsi

A
  • spinous process of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae
  • humerus
  • compress thorax for forced expiration, elevates ribs for forced inspiration
39
Q

what are the opposite muscle pairs of the inspiratory and expiratory systems?

A
  • external intercostals + serratus posterior superior for inhalation
  • internal intercostals + serratus posterior inferior for exhalation
40
Q

are inhalation muscles usually high or low? deep or superficial?

A
  • high
  • superficial
41
Q

are exhalation muscles usually high or low? deep or superficial?

A
  • low
  • deep
42
Q

3 parts of abdominal aponeurosis?

A
  1. linea alba
  2. linea semilunaris
  3. inguinal ligament
43
Q

EMBRYOLOGY: what happens at week 4?

A

Median laryngotracheal groove appears on floor of foregut (cranial part which becomes pharynx, esophagus, stomach, anterior intestine)

44
Q

EMBRYOLOGY: what does the groove form when it deepens?

A

diverticulum

45
Q

EMBRYOLOGY: what does the diverticulum form?

A

laryngotracheal tube

46
Q

EMBRYOLOGY: what does the cranial vs caudal end of the tube become?

A
  • cranial: laryngeal epithelium
  • caudal: lower resp system
47
Q

EMBRYOLOGY: describe the development of the lung buds on the caudal part of the tube at weeks 16, 24, and age 3

A
  • week 16: major lung elements form
  • week 24: resp is possible but immature
  • age 3: alveolar development almost complete
48
Q

EMBRYOLOGY: until what age do new alveoli continue to develop until?

A

age 8

49
Q

what kind of blood does the pulmonary artery receieve and from where?

A
  • deoxygenated
  • right heart
50
Q

where does the pulmonary artery bifurcate?

A

below aortic arch

51
Q

where does the pulmonary artery transport blood?

A

capillary beds (for oxygen/CO2 exchange)

52
Q

what kind of blood do the pulmonary veins transport and where?

A
  • oxygenated
  • back to heart

slp1502: anatomy (19 decks)

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