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anatomy > resp lec 1 > Flashcards

resp lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main functions of respiration?

A
  1. regulating body temp
  2. gas exchange
  3. speech
  4. voice
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2
Q

approx how much air pressure is necessary for quiet conversational speech?

A

5cm H2O

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3
Q

ventilation means…

A

moving air

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4
Q

perfusion means…

A

to pour over or through

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5
Q

diffusion means…

A
  • spread of particles through random motion from higher to lower concentration
  • i.e., gas is exchanged from alveolus to capillary
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6
Q

what does quiet inspiration require the contraction of? (1)

A

diaphragm

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7
Q

what does forced inspiration require the contraction of? (2)

A
  1. diaphragm
  2. accessory muscles
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8
Q

what does passive expiration require? (3)

A
  1. torque: costal cartilage twists ribs back to resting position
  2. elasticity: recoil
  3. gravity: ribs settle down
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9
Q

what does active expiration require the contraction of? (2)

A
  1. thoracic muscles
  2. abdominal muscles
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10
Q

does lifting/elevating the ribs make the volume inside the lungs larger or smaller?

A

larger

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11
Q

during inspiration, which directions do the ribs move in? (3)

A
  1. superiorly
  2. anteriorly
  3. laterally
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12
Q

how does boyle’s law relate to the lungs?

A
  • an increase in lung volume = a decrease in lung pressure = air moves in
  • a decrease in lung volume = an increase in lung pressure = air moves out
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13
Q

when the diaphragm is contracting, lung volume is ___, pressure is ____, and you are ____.

A

increasing
decreasing
inhaling

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14
Q

when the diaphragm is relaxing, lung volume is ___, pressure is ____, and you are ____.

A

decreasing
increasing
exhaling

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15
Q

what % of the time is spent inhaling and exhaling during speech vs non-speech?

A
  • speech: 10% inhal, 90% exhal
  • non-speech: 40% inhal, 60% exhal
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16
Q

what makes up the upper resp system? (3)

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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17
Q

what makes up the lower resp system? (3)

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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18
Q

which parts make up the conductive/cartilaginous zones? (2)

A
  • trachea
  • mainstem bronchi
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19
Q

which parts make up the resp zones (3)

A
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
  • capillaries
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20
Q

whats the key diff bw conductive vs resp zones?

A

resp zones do gas exchange

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21
Q

approx how many alveoli do we have?

A

300 million

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22
Q

approx how many ml of dead air do we have?

A

150ml

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23
Q

what does the arrangement of the conchae and meatuses increase?

A

surface area of nasal cavity

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24
Q

how much of the nose is cartilage vs bone?

A

2/3 cartilage, 1/3 bone

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25
Q

3 main functions of nose?

A
  1. warm, moisten, filter air
  2. detect smell
  3. modify speech vibrations
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26
Q

When the skeletal muscle is relaxed, the pharynx is ___, and when the skeletal muscle contracts, this assists with ____.

A

open
swallowing

27
Q

which part of the pharyngeal cavity exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tube to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere?

A

nasopharynx

28
Q

T or F: like the oropharynx, the laryngopharynx is a respiratory and digestive pathway.

29
Q

when is the epiglottis open vs closed?

A
  • open: during respiration
  • closed: during eating and drinking
30
Q

the larynx, also known as the voice box, connects the ____ with the ____.

A

laryngopharynx
trachea

31
Q

how long is the trachea? how many cartilaginous C’s does the trachea contain? where do they open?

A
  • 11cm
  • 16-20
  • open at posterior
32
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate? what does it become?

A
  • carina
  • right and left bronchi
33
Q

what does the trachealis muscle do? what is it lined with?

A
  • generally constricted but relaxes/expands trachea for greater oxygen intake
  • lined with submucosal glands to clean trachea
34
Q

why must the trachea have a rigid component?

A

to resist positive and negative changes in air pressure

35
Q

define gastroesophageal reflux

A

when stomach acid/contents go up the esophagus and may enter the upper respiratory passage

36
Q

define aspiration

A

entry of liquid or solid material into the lungs (lower respiratory system)

37
Q

what do the bronchi divide into? (5)

A
  • mainstem (primary) bronchi
  • secondary (lobar) bronchi
  • tertiary (segmental) bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal (respiratory) bronchioles
38
Q

is there a difference in the angles and shapes of the two main bronchi? what kind of implications does this have?

A
  • right: vertical, shorter, wider (~20 degrees)
  • left: ~45 degrees
  • implications: right lung is more susceptible to aspiration
39
Q

T or F: the main bronchi contain complete rings of cartilage.

A

false – incomplete

40
Q

which structure marks the switch from conducting zone to respiratory zone?

A

terminal bronchioles

41
Q

what are the lungs separated from each other by? what is the benefit of them being separated?

A
  • mediastinum
  • benefit: trauma to one lung? other one will be safe
42
Q

which lungs is smaller and why? which lung is shorter and why?

A
  • left = smaller to allow space for heart
  • right = shorter to accommodate liver
43
Q

how many segments are in the right and left lungs? what are segments separated by?

A
  • right: 10
  • left: 8-9
  • separated by connective tissue
44
Q

what is the hilum?

A
  • depression on medial surface of each lung
  • where blood vessels, nerves etc enter/exit lungs
45
Q

how many lobes does each lung have? what are they separated by?

A
  • right: 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) and separated by oblique and horizontal fissure
  • left: 2 lobes (upper, lower) and separated by oblique fissure
46
Q

what are alveolar sacs and alveoli surrounded by? what do they do?

A
  • surrounded by capillary beds
  • take in oxygen + give up CO2
47
Q

T or F: lungs contain skeletal muscle

A

false – changes in shape are passive (the result of linkage to and movements in other structures e.g., rib muscles, diaphragm muscle)

48
Q

what is the name of the outer membrane of the lungs? inner membrane? space between filled with pleural fluid?

A
  • parietal
  • visceral
  • pleural cavity
49
Q

what is the function of pleural fluid? (2)

A
  • keeps pleural layers together (surface tension)
  • lubrication to protect against constant friction
50
Q

what is emphysema characterized by? (2)

A
  1. absence of cilia = poor cleaning
  2. recombining of alveoli = poor oxygen exchange
51
Q

what is a tracheostomy?

A

articicial airway which keeps food separate from airway

52
Q

parts of sternum? (3)

A
  1. manubrium
  2. body
  3. xiphoid process
53
Q

what extends from the manubrium of the sternum?

54
Q

diff bw true vs false vs floating ribs? how many of each?

A
  • 1-7 true: attached to costal cartilage in front + vertebrae in back
  • 8-10 false: attached to rib above in front + vertebrae in back
  • 11-12 floating: only attached vertebrae in back
55
Q

how many segments are in the vertebral column? what are they called?

A
  • ~33
  • C1-7
  • T1-12
  • L1-5
  • ~5 sacral
  • ~ 4 coccygeal
56
Q

what is the first cervical vertebra called? second?

A
  • atlas
  • axis
57
Q

how many facets do cervical vertebrae contain?

A

2 (superior articular facet)

58
Q

how many facets do thoracic vertebrae contain?

A
  • 2 superior costal
  • 2 inferior costal
  • 2 transverse costal
  • 2 superior articular
  • 2 inferior articular
59
Q

which vertebrae contain larger spinous processes, cervical or thoracic?

60
Q

why is the vertebral foramen large in cervical vertebrae?

A

to make room for where the brain stem meets the spinal cord

61
Q

why do thoracic vertebrae have a large transverse process?

A

because they articulate with the ribs.

62
Q

the spinal cord travels thru the ___ foramen.

major arteries travel thru the ___ foramen.

A

vertebral
transverse

63
Q

which facets of the thoracic vertebrae do the ribs articulate with? (3)

A
  • superior portion of rib touches inferior costal
  • inferior portion of rib touches superior costal
  • goes out and touches transverse costal

anatomy (20 decks)

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