neuro lec 1 Flashcards
what makes up the central (2) vs peripheral (3) nervous systems?
- central: brain, spinal cord
- peripheral: 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, autonomic and sensory ganglia
where approx does the spinal cord end?
lumbar vertebrae
afferent vs efferent nerves?
- afferent: bring sensory info to brain
- efferent: send motor innervation to muscles
T or F: neurons in the CNS can regenerate
false (Wallerian degeneration)
T or F: neurons in the PNS can regenerate
true (cranial and spinal)
in the PNS, which cells guide axon sprouts back together for regeneration?
schwann cells
diff bw somatic vs autonomic nervous system?
- somatic: voluntary body functions, divided into motor and sensory system
- autonomic: involuntary body functions, divided into sympa (ForF) and parasympa (R&D) system
what are the anatomical/embryological divisions of the brain (5)?
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
parts of telencephalon?
- cerebral hemispheres
- basal ganglia
- parts of limbic system
parts of diencephalon?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- subthalamus
parts of mesencephalon?
- midbrain
parts of myelencephalon?
- medulla oblongata
where are cell bodies located for motor neurons? what about sensory neurons?
- motor neurons: cell bodies in spinal cord
- sensory neurons: cell bodies outside of spinal cord
what are the 2 main CNS descending tracts?
- pyramidal
- extrapyramidal
what are the 2 tracts of the pyramidal tract?
- corticospinal
- corticobulbar
damage to upper motor neurons = damage to lateral side of body. on the other hand, damage to lower motor neurons = damage to lateral side of body.
- contralateral
- ipsilateral
where do corticobulbar neurons orignate from? where do they synapse?
- originate from cerebral cortex
- synapse in brainstem
where do corticospinal neurons originate from? where do they synapse?
- originate from cerebral cortex
- synapse in spinal cord
where does the extrapyramidal tract originate? what does it control?
- originates from brainstem
- controls involuntary movements for tone and balance (which facilitates voluntary movements)
is pyramidal “local” or “express”? what about extrapyramidal?
- pyramidal = express (conscious)
- extrapyramidal = local (unconscious)
sympa cell bodies are in which regions of the spinal cord? what about parasympa?
- sympa = thoracic and lumbar
- parasympa = brainstem and sacral
which part of the neuron makes up grey vs white matter?
- grey = neuron cell bodies
- white = myelinated axons
what are groups of cell bodies called in the CNS vs PNS?
- CNS: nuclei
- PNS: ganglia
what are groups of axons called in the CNS vs PNS?
- CNS: tract/fasciculus/commissure
- PNS: nerves
is the corpus callosum white or grey matter?
white
is the basal ganglia white or grey matter?
grey
is the thalamus white or grey matter?
grey
are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata white or grey matter?
white
unmyelinated neurons tend to be long or short? what are these usually for?
- short
- touch, heat, pain
what is released into the synaptic cleft?
neurotransmitter
T or F: 1 neuron makes contact with 1 synapse
false – one neuron may make contact with up to 10,000 synapses
which glial cells are in CNS vs PNS?
- CNS: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia
- PNS: schwann cells
parts of metencephalon?
- cerebellum
- pons
