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Year 2 > Resp HARC Lectures 1 > Flashcards

Resp HARC Lectures 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblet cells.

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2
Q

When does trachea commence?

A

at C6

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3
Q

What muscle is posterior to the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

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4
Q

What is the tracheostomy?

A

surgical procedure which consists of opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea to facilitate breathing

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5
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6
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7
Q

What typr of membrane is covering the lungs?

A

serous:

Parietal and visceral

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8
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A
  • Small (inflated lung)
  • Large in pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
  • Contains serous fluid secreted by pleura
  • Negative pleural pressure forces lung expansion and drives ventilation

: If greater than atmospheric pressure can cause lung collapse

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9
Q

The lungs do not completely fill the anterior and posterior inferior parts of the pleural cavities. This results in?

A

This results in RECESSES (small, empty space or cavity)

  • Costodiaphragmatic recess
  • Costomediastinal recess

Fluid (and gas) can collect in these spaces pleural effusion

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10
Q

what is a thoracentesis

A

surgical puncture and drainage of the thoracic cavity; it may be done as an aid to the diagnosis of inflammatory or neoplastic diseases of the lung or pleura, or it may be used as a therapeutic measure to remove accumulations of fluid from the thoracic cavity.

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11
Q

What is Pneumothorax?

A

refers to the presence of gas (air) in the pleural space.

When this collection of gas is constantly enlarging with resulting compression of mediastinal structures, it can be life-threatening and is known as a tension pneumothorax

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12
Q

What is this?

A

Pneumothorax

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13
Q

RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS (2.5 cm)

  • passes directly to the root of the lung at the level of T5 vertebra.
  • Before joining the lung it gives off its upper lobe branch, and then passes below the pulmonary artery to enter the hilum of the lung.
  • It has two important relations: the _____ ____, which arches over it from behind to reach the superior vena cava, and the ________ ____, which lies first below and then anterior to it.
A

RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS (2.5 cm)

  • passes directly to the root of the lung at the level of T5 vertebra.
  • Before joining the lung it gives off its upper lobe branch, and then passes below the pulmonary artery to enter the hilum of the lung.
  • It has two important relations: the azygos vein, which arches over it from behind to reach the superior vena cava, and the pulmonary artery, which lies first below and then anterior to it.
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14
Q

LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS (5 cm)

  • passes downwards and outwards below the aortic arch, in front of the _______ and _______ _____
  • The pulmonary artery spirals over the bronchus, lying first anteriorly and then above it.
A

LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS (5 cm)

  • passes downwards and outwards below the aortic arch, in front of the oesophagus and descending aorta.
  • The pulmonary artery spirals over the bronchus, lying first anteriorly and then above it.
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15
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17
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18
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19
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21
Q

• Inflammation of lung parenchyma secondary to infection, commonly with……

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Usually purulent, filling the alveoli

22
Q

What are the symptoms of infectious pneumonia?

A
23
Q

What is this a scan of

A

PULMONARY CARCINOMA

24
Q

What is PULMONARY CARCINOMA

A

• broad term referring to the main histological subtypes of primary lung malignancies that are mainly linked with inhaled carcinogens, with cigarette smoke being a key culprit

25
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26
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27
Q

_______ between vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum allow thoracic cage movement

A

Articulations between vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum allow thoracic cage movement

28
Q

Volume change in 3 planes when inspiration

A

superior – inferior

anteroposterior

lateral

29
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A
30
Q

The INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE supplies

A

intercostal muscles

31
Q

PHRENIC NERVE

A

Innervates the diaphragm (left & right)

Passes through mediastinum, around the heart to diaphragm

32
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A
33
Q

BRONCHIAL ARTERIES

A

Supply the pulmonary tissues (bronchial walls and glands, walls of large vessels, and visceral pleura).

34
Q

The bronchial arteries originate from the thoracic aorta or one of its branches:

A
  • 1 right bronchial artery normally arises from the third posterior intercostal artery (but occasionally, it originates from the upper left bronchial artery).
  • 2 left bronchial arteries arise directly from the anterior surface of the thoracic aorta
  • superior left bronchial artery - level T5
  • inferior left bronchial artery - inferior to the left bronchus

The bronchial arteries run on the posterior surfaces of the bronchi and ramify in the lungs to supply pulmonary tissues.

35
Q

BRONCHIAL VEINS The bronchial veins drain into:

A
  • either the pulmonary veins or the left atrium, and
  • into the azygos vein on the right or into the superior intercostal vein or hemiazygos vein on the left.
36
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A
37
Q

What is the function of the laynx?

A

The larynx serves to protect the lower airways, facilitates respiration, and plays a key role in phonation

38
Q

Pathology associated with innervation of the larynx

A

Clinical presentation

  • Loss of sensory innervation below the vocal folds
  • Loss of sensory innervation above the vocal folds
  • Inability to produce high pitch sounds
  • Aphonia- Loss of voice
  • Dyspnea ( short of breath ) and hoarseness (If you are hoarse, your voice will sound breathy, raspy, or strained, or will be softer in volume or lower in pitch.)
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45
Q

Explain the process of swallowing

A
  1. Infrahyoid muscles relax
  2. Suprahyoid muscles contract
  3. Elevation of the hyoid bone
  4. Elevation of laryngeal cartilage
  5. Bolus of food passes over epiglottis and piriform fossae to reach oesophagus
  6. Relaxation of suprahyoid muscles
  7. Contraction of infrahyoid muscles
46
Q
A

Year 2 (33 decks)

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