Resp HARC Lectures 1 Flashcards
What is the trachea lined with?
ciliated columnar epithelium with many goblet cells.
When does trachea commence?
at C6
What muscle is posterior to the trachea?
Trachealis muscle
What is the tracheostomy?
surgical procedure which consists of opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea to facilitate breathing
What typr of membrane is covering the lungs?
serous:
Parietal and visceral
What is the pleural cavity?
- Small (inflated lung)
- Large in pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
- Contains serous fluid secreted by pleura
- Negative pleural pressure forces lung expansion and drives ventilation
: If greater than atmospheric pressure can cause lung collapse
The lungs do not completely fill the anterior and posterior inferior parts of the pleural cavities. This results in?
This results in RECESSES (small, empty space or cavity)
- Costodiaphragmatic recess
- Costomediastinal recess
Fluid (and gas) can collect in these spaces pleural effusion
what is a thoracentesis
surgical puncture and drainage of the thoracic cavity; it may be done as an aid to the diagnosis of inflammatory or neoplastic diseases of the lung or pleura, or it may be used as a therapeutic measure to remove accumulations of fluid from the thoracic cavity.
What is Pneumothorax?
refers to the presence of gas (air) in the pleural space.
When this collection of gas is constantly enlarging with resulting compression of mediastinal structures, it can be life-threatening and is known as a tension pneumothorax
What is this?
Pneumothorax
RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS (2.5 cm)
- passes directly to the root of the lung at the level of T5 vertebra.
- Before joining the lung it gives off its upper lobe branch, and then passes below the pulmonary artery to enter the hilum of the lung.
- It has two important relations: the _____ ____, which arches over it from behind to reach the superior vena cava, and the ________ ____, which lies first below and then anterior to it.
RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS (2.5 cm)
- passes directly to the root of the lung at the level of T5 vertebra.
- Before joining the lung it gives off its upper lobe branch, and then passes below the pulmonary artery to enter the hilum of the lung.
- It has two important relations: the azygos vein, which arches over it from behind to reach the superior vena cava, and the pulmonary artery, which lies first below and then anterior to it.
LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS (5 cm)
- passes downwards and outwards below the aortic arch, in front of the _______ and _______ _____
- The pulmonary artery spirals over the bronchus, lying first anteriorly and then above it.
LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS (5 cm)
- passes downwards and outwards below the aortic arch, in front of the oesophagus and descending aorta.
- The pulmonary artery spirals over the bronchus, lying first anteriorly and then above it.
• Inflammation of lung parenchyma secondary to infection, commonly with……
Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Usually purulent, filling the alveoli
What are the symptoms of infectious pneumonia?
What is this a scan of
PULMONARY CARCINOMA
What is PULMONARY CARCINOMA
• broad term referring to the main histological subtypes of primary lung malignancies that are mainly linked with inhaled carcinogens, with cigarette smoke being a key culprit
_______ between vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum allow thoracic cage movement
Articulations between vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages and sternum allow thoracic cage movement
Volume change in 3 planes when inspiration
superior – inferior
anteroposterior
lateral
The INTERCOSTAL NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE supplies
intercostal muscles
PHRENIC NERVE
Innervates the diaphragm (left & right)
Passes through mediastinum, around the heart to diaphragm
BRONCHIAL ARTERIES
Supply the pulmonary tissues (bronchial walls and glands, walls of large vessels, and visceral pleura).
The bronchial arteries originate from the thoracic aorta or one of its branches:
- 1 right bronchial artery normally arises from the third posterior intercostal artery (but occasionally, it originates from the upper left bronchial artery).
- 2 left bronchial arteries arise directly from the anterior surface of the thoracic aorta
- superior left bronchial artery - level T5
- inferior left bronchial artery - inferior to the left bronchus
The bronchial arteries run on the posterior surfaces of the bronchi and ramify in the lungs to supply pulmonary tissues.
BRONCHIAL VEINS The bronchial veins drain into:
- either the pulmonary veins or the left atrium, and
- into the azygos vein on the right or into the superior intercostal vein or hemiazygos vein on the left.
What is the function of the laynx?
The larynx serves to protect the lower airways, facilitates respiration, and plays a key role in phonation
Pathology associated with innervation of the larynx
Clinical presentation
- Loss of sensory innervation below the vocal folds
- Loss of sensory innervation above the vocal folds
- Inability to produce high pitch sounds
- Aphonia- Loss of voice
- Dyspnea ( short of breath ) and hoarseness (If you are hoarse, your voice will sound breathy, raspy, or strained, or will be softer in volume or lower in pitch.)
Explain the process of swallowing
- Infrahyoid muscles relax
- Suprahyoid muscles contract
- Elevation of the hyoid bone
- Elevation of laryngeal cartilage
- Bolus of food passes over epiglottis and piriform fossae to reach oesophagus
- Relaxation of suprahyoid muscles
- Contraction of infrahyoid muscles
