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Year 2 > Neuro HARC Lectures > Flashcards

Neuro HARC Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main arteries that supply the head and neck? And what are their soruces?

A

Source 1: Common Carotid

Artery: External and Internal Arteries

Source 2: Subclavin artery

Artery: Vertebral artery

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2
Q

Bifurcation of the common carotid occurs at vertebral level ___

A

C4

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3
Q

External carotid a. predominately supplies extracranial structures with one exception:_____ _______ _______, intracranial vessel supplying the meninges

A

middle meningeal artery

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

The anterior system and posterior system of the skull is joined together by?

A

Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis)

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6
Q

What is Anastomosis?

A
  • connection between two normally divergent structures
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7
Q

The connection between anterior and posterior systems is a natural ______ _______ ____

A

circulatory arterial anastomosis.

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8
Q

What is the anterior part of the skull supplied by specifically?

A
  • Carotid (Anterior) System
  • Internal carotid artery (right and left)
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9
Q

What is the posterior part of the skull supplied by specifically?

A

Vertebrobasilar (Posterior) System

  • Vertebral Arteries joining to become basilar artery.
  • Vertebral arteries initially run in the transverse foramina of the first six cervical vertebrae
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10
Q
  • Internal Carotid arteries enter the skull via the _____ _____
  • Passes over the _____ _____
A

carotid canal

foramen lacerum

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11
Q

What is the carotid siphon?

A

The carotid siphon is a U or S-shaped part to the ICA that varies with age. It begins at the posterior bend of the cavernous part of ICA and ends at the cerebral part, at ICA bifurcation.

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12
Q
  • Vertebral arteries run in______ _____
  • Pass upwards entering the skull via the ________ _______
  • Form the basilar artery on the anterior surface of the brainstem, lying on top of the ____ of the cranial base
A

transverse foramina

FORAMEN MAGNUM

CLIVUS

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13
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A
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14
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15
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16
Q

Where does the anterior cerebral artery pass through?

A
  • Passes forward under the corpus callosum
  • Progresses superiorly and posteriorly along the superior surface of the corpus callosum.
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17
Q

The anterior cerebral artery supplies which areas?

A
  • Frontal lobes
  • Medial aspect of parietal lobes
  • Optic chiasm
  • Lower limb motor and sensory cortexes
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18
Q

The posterior cerebral artery passes through?

A
  • Terminal branch of basilar artery
  • Passes posteriorly towards the parietal lobe
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19
Q

Posterior Cerebral artery supplies ?

A

• Supplies occipital lobe - visual cortex

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20
Q
A

Anterior and Posterior cerebral artery

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21
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) passes through….

A
  • Passes laterally towards the temporal lobe and up on to the lateral aspects of the cerebrum.
  • Travels initially through the lateral fissure
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22
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) supplies….

A
  • Temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
  • Broca’s area – Speech production
  • Wernicke’s area – Language comprehension
  • Head and neck areas of motor and sensory cortexes
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23
Q
A

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

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24
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A
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25
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26
Q

What dors the lenticulostraite arteries supply?

A

Supply the basal ganglia, thalamus and internal capsule

• First part (M1) of the MCA

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27
Q

Cerebellar arterial supply via branches of the ___________ system

A

Cerebellar arterial supply via branches of the vertebrobasilar system

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

CSF is produced by…..

A

choroid plexus

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30
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A
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31
Q
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32
Q

What is subarachnoid Cisterns?

A
  • Dilations of subarachnoid space
  • Contains CSF
  • Can be visualised on an MRI scan
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33
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34
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35
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36
Q

What are the two layers of dura matter?

A

periosteal layer

meinigeal layer

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37
Q

The spaces created by the perosteal and meningeal layer collect……

A

venous blood from the brain

these are called “dural venous sinuses”

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38
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A
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39
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40
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41
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42
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43
Q

What type od haemorrhage is this?

46
Q

What are the symptoms of stroke?

A

F.A.S.T (Face, Arm, Speech, Time)

48
Q

What is this called?

A

Hydrocephalus- enlarged ventricles

49
Q

What is in the basal ganglia?

A

Consist of:

  • Putamen → striatum
  • Caudate Nucleus → striatum
  • Globus Pallidus – 2 parts - Pallidum
  • Substantia Nigra – 2 parts
  • Subthalamic Nucleus
50
Q

Is basal ganglia white or grey matter?

A

grey matter

51
Q

What is the function of basal ganglia?

A

The control of movement. Minimise errors in movements.

52
Q

Where is the location of the basal ganglia?

A

Forebrain and Midbrain

53
Q

basal ganglia

55
Q

What is the shape of the internal capsule?

56
Q

What is function of the basal ganglia?

A

It carries information past the basal nuclei, separating the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus.

57
Q

What is the blood supply of the internal capsule?

A
  • Upper → lateral striate aa. branches from MCA
  • Lower
  • Anterior Limb →Medial Striate a. from ACA
  • Genu → Internal carotid a. branches
  • Posterior Limb → Anterior Choroidal a. from MCA
58
Q

Striatum receives ______ information

59
Q

What receptors are in the striatum?

A

D1 (direct) and D2 (indirect) dopamine receptors

62
Q

Dopamine acts as a _______

A

neurotransmitter

63
Q

What is the function of the golobus pallidum?

A
  • Regulates thalamus
  • Under tonic inhibitory control!
64
Q

What is the direct pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

main job is to stimulate the cortex.

The cortex provides excitatory input to the striatum which then provides inhibitory output directly to the internal globus pallidus and substantua nigra pars reticulata. These then provide inhibitory input to the thalamus which has excitatory connections back to the cortex. The thalamic output reaches the cortex and excites cortical neurons.

65
Q

What is the indirect pathways of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Decreasing activity
  • Promotes inhibition

Cortex provides excitatory input to the striatum and then the stratum provides inhibitory input to the EXTERNAL pallidus. EXTERNAL pallidus provides inhibitory input to the subthalamic nucleus which the provides excitatory input to the internal globus pallidus and substantua nigra pars reticulata which then provide inhibitory input to the thalamus. The thalamic excitatory output reaches the cortex and excites cortical neurons

70
Q

Is Parkinsosn’s disease hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?

A

hypokinetic

71
Q

Is Huntington’s disease hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?

A

hyperkinetic

72
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that leads to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination.

73
Q

What is the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Resting tremor
  • Postural instability
  • Slowness of movement (Hypokinesia)
74
Q

What is Huntington’s disease (Chorea)?

A

Huntington disease is caused by gradual degeneration of parts of the basal ganglia called the caudate nucleus and putamen.. It’s passed on (inherited) from a person’s parents. It gets gradually worse over time and is usually fatal after a period of up to 20 years.

75
Q

How is the Huntington’s disease passed on?

A
  • Autosomal Dominant
  • Mutation of Huntingtin protein
76
Q

At what age does symptoms begin for huntington’s disease

A

30 - 50 years of age

77
Q

Upper motor neurons (UMN) carry this information from the cerebral cortex in ascending motor pathways/descending motor pathways

A

descending motor pathways

78
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts?

A
  • Corticospinal - Trunk and Limbs
  • Corticobulbar – Head and Neck
79
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Rubrospinal

Reticulospinal

Vestibulospinal

Tectospinal

80
Q

What is the function of the Corticospinal?

A

Fine voluntary motor control of the limbs. The pathway also controls voluntary body posture adjustments

81
Q

What is the function Corticobulbar Tract?

A

Control of facial and masticatory musculature, movements of the tongue and swallowing

• Voluntary movement of head and neck musculature

82
Q

What is the function Rubrospinal?

A

Involved in involuntary adjustment of arm position in response to balance information; support of the body

83
Q

What is the function Reticulospinal?

A

Regulates various involuntary motor activities and assists in balance (leg extensors). Some pattern movements e.g. stepping

84
Q

What is the function Vestbulospinal?

A

It is responsible for adjusting posture to maintain balance

85
Q

What is the function of Tectospinal?

A

Controls head and eye movements, Involved in involuntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information.

86
Q

What are lesions?

A

Damage or abnormal change in the structure of an organ caused by injury or disease.

87
Q

Do upper motor neurone lesions occur in CNS or peripheral nerves?

A

CNS

• Brain, Brainstem and Spinal Cord

88
Q

Do lower motor neurone lesions occur in CNS or peripheral nerves?

A

peripheral nerves

• Cranial and Spinal nerves

89
Q

Lesions: UMN

What are the symptoms?

A

Symptoms

  • Muscle spasticity
  • Pseudobulbar palsy
  • Weakness without muscle atrophy
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Babinksi Sign
  • Loss of superficial reflex
90
Q

Lesions: LMN

What are the symptoms?

A
  • Symptoms
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Hyporeflexia
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Hypotonicity
  • Fasciculations
91
Q

What are the key differences between UMN vs LMN

A

• LMN lesion affects the signal from both systems

  • Loss of voluntary movements (pyramidal tracts)
  • Loss of coordination, posture and tone (extrapyramidal tracts)
  • UMN lesions affects movement signal not muscles themselves.
  • UMN lesions cause muscle atrophy through disuse, LMN through denervation.
  • UMN lesions cause muscle spasticity, LMN cause muscle flaccidity
94
Q

Which muscles are affected by a CN III lesion

A
  • Loss of SR, IR, IO, MR action
  • Ptosis
  • Loss of reflexes (Accommodation & Light)
95
Q

Which muscles are affected by a CN IV lesion?

A
  • Loss of SO action
  • Diplopia (double vision)
96
Q

Which muscles are affected by a CN VI lesion?

A
  • Loss of LR action
  • Unopposed adduction of the eye
97
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

sudden Intense facial pain

98
Q

What is bells palsy?

A

Unknown facial paralysis

  • Unilateral
  • Can occur overnight
  • Drooping of the face
  • Inability to close eye on affected side
100
Q

Where does the nerves decussate athe corticospinal tract?

A
  • 80% fibers • Decussation Medullary pyramids → Lateral Corticospinal Tract
  • 20% no decussation → Anterior Corticospinal Tract
101
Q

Where does deccusation happen at the corticobulbar tract?

A

• Decussation → CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XI

102
Q

What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?

A

• Pain, Pressure, Touch and Temperature

103
Q

Where does it decussate at the spinothalamic tract?

A

Decussation

Spinal cord entry level

104
Q

Function of Spinocerebellar tract

A
  • Non-conscious proprioception
  • Position sense information from joint position
105
Q

Function of the dorsal columns/Medial Lemniscus?

A

Function

  • Conscious proprioception
  • Fine touch
  • Vibration
  • Two-point discrimination
106
Q

Decussation of the dorsal columns/Medial Lemniscus?

A

Medial Lemniscus (Brainstem)

Year 2 (33 decks)

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