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Neuro HARC Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main arteries that supply the head and neck? And what are their soruces?

A

Source 1: Common Carotid

Artery: External and Internal Arteries

Source 2: Subclavin artery

Artery: Vertebral artery

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2
Q

Bifurcation of the common carotid occurs at vertebral level ___

A

C4

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3
Q

External carotid a. predominately supplies extracranial structures with one exception:_____ _______ _______, intracranial vessel supplying the meninges

A

middle meningeal artery

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

The anterior system and posterior system of the skull is joined together by?

A

Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis)

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6
Q

What is Anastomosis?

A
  • connection between two normally divergent structures
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7
Q

The connection between anterior and posterior systems is a natural ______ _______ ____

A

circulatory arterial anastomosis.

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8
Q

What is the anterior part of the skull supplied by specifically?

A
  • Carotid (Anterior) System
  • Internal carotid artery (right and left)
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9
Q

What is the posterior part of the skull supplied by specifically?

A

Vertebrobasilar (Posterior) System

  • Vertebral Arteries joining to become basilar artery.
  • Vertebral arteries initially run in the transverse foramina of the first six cervical vertebrae
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10
Q
  • Internal Carotid arteries enter the skull via the _____ _____
  • Passes over the _____ _____
A

carotid canal

foramen lacerum

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11
Q

What is the carotid siphon?

A

The carotid siphon is a U or S-shaped part to the ICA that varies with age. It begins at the posterior bend of the cavernous part of ICA and ends at the cerebral part, at ICA bifurcation.

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12
Q
  • Vertebral arteries run in______ _____
  • Pass upwards entering the skull via the ________ _______
  • Form the basilar artery on the anterior surface of the brainstem, lying on top of the ____ of the cranial base
A

transverse foramina

FORAMEN MAGNUM

CLIVUS

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13
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A
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14
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15
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16
Q

Where does the anterior cerebral artery pass through?

A
  • Passes forward under the corpus callosum
  • Progresses superiorly and posteriorly along the superior surface of the corpus callosum.
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17
Q

The anterior cerebral artery supplies which areas?

A
  • Frontal lobes
  • Medial aspect of parietal lobes
  • Optic chiasm
  • Lower limb motor and sensory cortexes
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18
Q

The posterior cerebral artery passes through?

A
  • Terminal branch of basilar artery
  • Passes posteriorly towards the parietal lobe
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19
Q

Posterior Cerebral artery supplies ?

A

• Supplies occipital lobe - visual cortex

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20
Q
A

Anterior and Posterior cerebral artery

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21
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) passes through….

A
  • Passes laterally towards the temporal lobe and up on to the lateral aspects of the cerebrum.
  • Travels initially through the lateral fissure
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22
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) supplies….

A
  • Temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
  • Broca’s area – Speech production
  • Wernicke’s area – Language comprehension
  • Head and neck areas of motor and sensory cortexes
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23
Q
A

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

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24
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A
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What dors the lenticulostraite arteries supply?
Supply the basal ganglia, thalamus and internal capsule • First part (M1) of the MCA
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Cerebellar arterial supply via branches of the ___________ system
Cerebellar arterial supply via branches of the **vertebrobasilar** system
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CSF is produced by.....
choroid plexus
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What is subarachnoid Cisterns?
* Dilations of subarachnoid space * Contains CSF * Can be visualised on an MRI scan
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What are the two layers of dura matter?
periosteal layer meinigeal layer
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The spaces created by the perosteal and meningeal layer collect......
venous blood from the brain these are called **“dural venous sinuses”**
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What type od haemorrhage is this?
Epidural
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What are the symptoms of stroke?
F.A.S.T (Face, Arm, Speech, Time)
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What is this called?
Hydrocephalus- enlarged ventricles
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What is in the basal ganglia?
Consist of: * Putamen → striatum * Caudate Nucleus → striatum * Globus Pallidus – 2 parts - Pallidum * Substantia Nigra – 2 parts * Subthalamic Nucleus
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Is basal ganglia white or grey matter?
grey matter
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What is the function of basal ganglia?
The control of movement. Minimise errors in movements.
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Where is the location of the basal ganglia?
Forebrain and Midbrain
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basal ganglia
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What is the shape of the internal capsule?
boomerang
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What is function of the basal ganglia?
It carries information past the basal nuclei, separating the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus.
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What is the blood supply of the internal capsule?
* Upper → lateral striate aa. branches from MCA * Lower * Anterior Limb →Medial Striate a. from ACA * Genu → Internal carotid a. branches * Posterior Limb → Anterior Choroidal a. from MCA
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Striatum receives ______ information
cortical
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What receptors are in the striatum?
D1 (direct) and D2 (indirect) dopamine receptors
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Dopamine acts as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
neurotransmitter
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What is the function of the golobus pallidum?
* Regulates thalamus * Under tonic inhibitory control!
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What is the direct pathways of the basal ganglia?
main job is to stimulate the cortex. The cortex provides **excitatory** input to the **striatum** which then provides **inhibitory** output directly to the **internal globus pallidus and substantua nigra pars reticulata**. These then provide **inhibitory** input to the **thalamus** which has **excitatory** connections back to the **cortex.** The thalamic output reaches the cortex and excites **cortical neurons.**
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What is the indirect pathways of the basal ganglia?
* Decreasing activity * Promotes inhibition Cortex provides **excitatory** input to the **striatum** and then the stratum provides **inhibitory** input to the **EXTERNAL pallidus**. EXTERNAL pallidus provides **inhibitory** input to the **subthalamic nucleus** which the provides **excitatory** input to the **internal globus pallidus and substantua nigra pars reticulata** which then provide **inhibitory** input to the **thalamus**. The thalamic excitatory output reaches the cortex and excites cortical neurons
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Is Parkinsosn's disease hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?
hypokinetic
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Is Huntington’s disease hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?
hyperkinetic
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What is Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that leads to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination.
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What is the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
* Resting tremor * Postural instability * Slowness of movement (Hypokinesia)
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What is Huntington's disease (Chorea)?
Huntington disease is caused by gradual degeneration of parts of the basal ganglia called the caudate nucleus and putamen.. It's passed on (inherited) from a person's parents. It gets gradually worse over time and is usually fatal after a period of up to 20 years.
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How is the Huntington's disease passed on?
* Autosomal Dominant * Mutation of Huntingtin protein
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At what age does symptoms begin for huntington's disease
30 - 50 years of age
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Upper motor neurons (UMN) carry this information from the cerebral cortex in **ascending motor pathways/descending motor pathways**
**descending motor pathways**
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What are the pyramidal tracts?
* Corticospinal - Trunk and Limbs * Corticobulbar – Head and Neck
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What are the extrapyramidal tracts?
Rubrospinal Reticulospinal Vestibulospinal Tectospinal
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What is the function of the Corticospinal?
Fine voluntary motor control of the limbs. The pathway also controls voluntary body posture adjustments
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What is the function Corticobulbar Tract?
Control of facial and masticatory musculature, movements of the tongue and swallowing • Voluntary movement of head and neck musculature
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What is the function Rubrospinal?
Involved in involuntary adjustment of arm position in response to balance information; support of the body
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What is the function Reticulospinal?
Regulates various involuntary motor activities and assists in balance (leg extensors). Some pattern movements e.g. stepping
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What is the function Vestbulospinal?
It is responsible for adjusting posture to maintain balance
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What is the function of Tectospinal?
Controls head and eye movements, Involved in involuntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information.
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What are lesions?
Damage or abnormal change in the structure of an organ caused by injury or disease.
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Do upper motor neurone lesions occur in CNS or peripheral nerves?
CNS • Brain, Brainstem and Spinal Cord
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Do lower motor neurone lesions occur in CNS or peripheral nerves?
peripheral nerves • Cranial and Spinal nerves
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Lesions: UMN What are the symptoms?
Symptoms * Muscle spasticity * Pseudobulbar palsy * Weakness without muscle atrophy * Hyperreflexia * Babinksi Sign * Loss of superficial reflex
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Lesions: LMN What are the symptoms?
* Symptoms * Flaccid paralysis * Hyporeflexia * Muscle atrophy * Hypotonicity * Fasciculations
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What are the key differences between UMN vs LMN
• LMN lesion affects the signal from both systems - Loss of voluntary movements (pyramidal tracts) - Loss of coordination, posture and tone (extrapyramidal tracts) * UMN lesions affects movement signal not muscles themselves. * UMN lesions cause muscle atrophy through disuse, LMN through denervation. * UMN lesions cause muscle spasticity, LMN cause muscle flaccidity
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Which muscles are affected by a CN III lesion
* Loss of SR, IR, IO, MR action * Ptosis * Loss of reflexes (Accommodation & Light)
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Which muscles are affected by a CN IV lesion?
* Loss of SO action * Diplopia (double vision)
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Which muscles are affected by a CN VI lesion?
* Loss of LR action * Unopposed adduction of the eye
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What is trigeminal neuralgia?
sudden Intense facial pain
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What is bells palsy?
Unknown facial paralysis * Unilateral * Can occur overnight * Drooping of the face * Inability to close eye on affected side
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Where does the nerves decussate athe corticospinal tract?
* 80% fibers • Decussation Medullary pyramids → Lateral Corticospinal Tract * 20% no decussation → Anterior Corticospinal Tract
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Where does deccusation happen at the corticobulbar tract?
• Decussation → CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XI
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What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?
• Pain, Pressure, Touch and Temperature
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Where does it decussate at the spinothalamic tract?
Decussation Spinal cord entry level
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Function of Spinocerebellar tract
* Non-conscious proprioception * Position sense information from joint position
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Function of the dorsal columns/Medial Lemniscus?
Function * Conscious proprioception * Fine touch * Vibration * Two-point discrimination
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Decussation of the dorsal columns/Medial Lemniscus?
Medial Lemniscus (Brainstem)
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Year 2 (33 decks)

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