CVS HARC 1 Flashcards
1
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A
2
Q
Which tunia is the thickest in the arteries?
A
Thick tunica media due to elastic fibre and smooth muscle presence
Because they are pumping blood to targetted tissues.
3
Q
Which tunica is thickest in veins?
A
Thick tunica externa to support vessel as smooth muscle lacking
Dont need thst muscular component of pumping blood they are just collecting blood
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6
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7
Q
Branches of External Carotid Artery
A
- Superior thyroid artery
- Ascending pharyngeal artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Occipital artery
- Posterior auricular artery
- Maxillary artery
- Superficial temporal artery
- Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
8
Q
What branch is the posterior intercostal artery?
A
Branch from supreme intercostal a.
9
Q
What branch is the posterior intercostal artery?
A
Direct from thoracic a.
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11
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12
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17
Q
What arteries are involved in the thoracic wall blood supply
A
Subclavian a
Internal thoracic a
Anterior intercostal a
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19
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20
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21
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22
Q
What does right coronary artery do?
A
Provide the heart with oxygenated blood – vasa vasorum
First aortic branch
Occupies coronary/atrioventricular sulcus
23
Q
What does the left coronary artery do?
A
Provide the heart with oxygenated blood – vasa vasorum
First aortic branch
Occupies coronary/atrioventricular sulcus
24
Q
What causes the closure of valves?
A
Backflow of blood during diastole due to aortic elastic recoil – closes valve and causes filling of coronary arteries
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What is coronary dominance
Coronary arterial dominance is defined by the vessel which gives rise to the posterior descending artery (PDA), which supplies the myocardium of the inferior third of the interventricular septum. ... In a codominant heart a single or duplicated PDA is supplied by branches of both the RCA and the LAD or LCx
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What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a potentially serious condition where arteries become clogged with fatty substances called plaques, or atheroma
* Stenosis (narrowing) of arteries- Lipid deposits in tunica intima; linked to circulating cholesterol
* Usually causes coronary artery disease
* Insufficient tissue perfusion
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What is the treatment for atherosclerosis?
Coronary angioplasty or bypass
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What does these sites represent?
Coronary artery occlusion sites in order of frequency (1-6)
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WHat is Cardiac skeleton
* Four fibrous rings (Annuli)
* Provides valve attachment sites
* Maintains opening integrity
* Separates atria from ventricles • Physically • Electrically - AV bundle connects atria to ventricles so you can have atria and ventricles contracting at different speed.
* Fibrous trigones (right and left)
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What is Cardiac Innervation
* Sympathetic T1-T5 (loss causes bradycardic symptoms) • Increase heart rate & contractile force • Cardiac output increase
* Parasympathetic Vagus n.(loss causes tachycardic symptoms) • Decrease heart rate & contractile force • Cardiac output decrease
* Afferent (sensory) T1-T5 • Carried in sympathetic cardiac nerves • Referred pain to chest and upper limb
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What is Conduction System
* Made of specialised cardiac muscle cells which conduct electrical impukses
* Depolarise faster than normal cardiac muscle cells, spreading the signal quicker
* Without them, signal still travels but incorrectly distributed and at the wrong speed • Atria and ventricles contract simultaneously
* Conduction systems initiates and coordinates the signal
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P wave -
* PR interval -
* QRS Complex -
* ST segment –
* T wave –
* QT interval –
P wave - Atrial depolarization (contractions of atria)
* PR interval - AV Conduction (delay)
* \*PR segment often used
* QRS Complex - Ventricular depolarization (ventricles contract) (masks atrial repolarization)
* ST segment – between ventricular repolarization and depolarization
* T wave – ventricular repolarization
* QT interval – Q wave \> T wave
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Causes of Heart block
* Causes
* Ischaemia and infarction - coronary artery disease
* Fibrosis – heart failure, hypertension & ageing
* Drugs
* AV can cover for SA and vice versa
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WHat is a heart block?
• Disruption in conduction system • Abnormal slow heart rhythm (bradycardia)
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WHat are the different types of heart block
• Different types – SA, AV, AV Bundle & Bundle • Focus on AV block
40
What is common cvs disease in the western world
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
due obesity/cholestrol etc
41
At which vertebral level does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
c4
42
The brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to which structures
Right Subclavian Artery
Right Common Carotid Artery
43
Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the thyrocervical trunk.
44
As it passes under the inguinal ligament, what does the external iliac artery become?
Femoral Artery
45
The anterior intercostal arteries branch from which structure?
Internal thoracic artery
46
The superior gluteal artery is a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
47
What is the origin of the inferior epigastric artery?
External iliac artery
48
The internal thoracic artery only gives off the superior epigastric artery
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Internal thoracic artery becomes the musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries.
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Which muscle do the inferior and superior epigastric arteries run on the posterior surface of
Rectus abdominus
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what is vasa vasorum
the vasa vasorum (VV) — “vessels on vessels” — are blood vessels located on the outside of arteries (Figure 1). ... To compensate, the VV develop, carrying blood from further up the artery or adjacent arteries and veins to provide a blood supply to these outermost cells.
51
Where do the coronary artery's originate from?
Ascending Aorta
52
The majority of people have their SA node supplied by the left coronary artery
TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
60% of individuals have their SA node supplied by the right coronary artery.
53
The anterior inter-ventricular vein drains directly into which venous structure?
Great cardiac vein
54
Angina is caused by complete occlusion of the coronary arteries.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Angina is associated with partial occlusion of the coronary arteries. Ischaemia without cellular necrosis
55
During a coronary artery bypass, which vessel is located immediately posterior to the clamp placed to utilise the bypass machine?
Superior vena cava
56
Which arterial branch of the subclavian artery can be used in a CABG (coronary artery bypass graft)?
Internal thoracic artery
57
What are the sympathetic nerve roots for the cardiac innervation?
T1-T5
58
The moderator band passes electrical impulses from the interventricular septum to which structure?
Anterior Papillary muscle
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