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Year 2 > Resp HARC Booklet > Flashcards

Resp HARC Booklet Flashcards

1
Q

a. Epiglottis
b. Thyroid cartilage
c. Cricoid cartilage
d. Arytenoid cartilages
e. Corniculate cartilages
f. Cuneiform cartilage

Which are the paired and unpaired cartilages?

A

UnPaired: Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Paired: Arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages

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2
Q

The cuneiform cartilages are contained within which soft tissue of the larynx?

A

Quadrangular membrane

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3
Q

What is the relationship between the cricothyroid ligament and the true vocal folds?

A

The thickened upper edge of the cricothyroid ligament is the true vocal fold on each side.

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4
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7
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8
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

The space between the two true vocal folds. The glottis includes this space and the vocal folds.

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9
Q

What is the function of the majority of muscles on the Rima glottidis?

A

Adduction of the vocal folds closing the rima glottidis

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10
Q

What does muscles on the Rima glottidis tell us about the primary function of the larynx?

A

Sphincter of the upper respiratory tract

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11
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12
Q

True vocal ligament: thickened upper margin of _______ ______ _______

False vocal (vestibular) ligament: thickened inferior margin of ___________ _______

A

True vocal ligament: thickened upper margin of lateral cricothyroid ligament

False vocal (vestibular) ligament: thickened inferior margin of quadrangular membrane

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13
Q

How would you describe the attachments of the quadrangular membrane?

A

Superior attachment at the lateral edge of the epiglottis and inferior edge at the arytenoid cartilages.

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14
Q

What is the lateral outpouching called that is found between the true and false vocal ligament?

A

Laryngeal ventricle which is lined with muscosa for lubrication of the vocal folds.

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15
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18
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19
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20
Q

What are the function of nasal sinuses?

A

The sinuses are air filed spaces within the skull which serve several different functions. These include adding resonance to the voice, decreasing the weight of the skull and producing mucus into the nasal cavity for protection and air conditioning.

21
Q

Using your knowledge of the sinuses, explain why someone suffering from infection of both maxillary sinuses will roll from side to side during the night.

A

To attempt to shift the fluid from one side of the skull to the other to balance out the feeling of heaviness unilaterally. Due to the opening of the maxillary sinus being relatively high up on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, they are unable to drain when we are standing up. However, when we are lying on our side, all of the excess fluid produced will pool in the maxillary sinus on that side and be unable to drain back out unless we turn over

22
Q

What is the purpose of the meatuses?

A

They are airway passages within the nasal cavity, created by the conchae and located inferiorly to them. They receive drainage from the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct.

23
Q
A
24
Q

What is the area of anastomosis in the nasal cavity known as?

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus or Little’s area

25
Q

What is its clinical significance of Kiesselbach’s plexus or Little’s area?

A

Common site for epistaxis (nose bleeds) – 90% occurring in this area

26
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A
27
Q

The visceral and parietal pleural membrane

.Where are these continuous with each other?

A

The hilum (specifically the lung root)

28
Q

What is the pleural ligament?

A

The pleural or pulmonary ligament is a downwards extension of the parietal pleura surrounding the lung root.

29
Q

A chest drain needs to be passed superior to the rib (at the appropriate level). Why is this?

A

This avoids the intercostal vessels running in the costal groove on the inferior surface of the ribs

30
Q

What is the clinical significance of bronchopulmonary segmentation?

A

They are discrete functional and anatomical areas. This means that they can be removed surgically without affecting another BPS.

31
Q

The pump handle movement increases the thoracic diameter in the anteroposterior dimension.

Which ribs are involved in the pump handle movement?

A

Ribs 2-6 (specific action at the costovertebral joints)

32
Q

The bucket handle movements increase the thoracic diameter in a transverse direction.

Which ribs are involved in the bucket handle movement?

A

Ribs 7-10 (specific action at the costovertebral joints)

33
Q

What structure increases the superior/inferior dimensions?

A

Respiratory diaphragm

34
Q

Accessory muscles

When not contributing to the movement of the thorax what do these muscles do?

A

Pectoralis major acts on the shoulder joint to produce a range of movements including medial rotation, adduction and flexion

The scalene muscles laterally flex the neck and act unilaterally.

There are many other accessory muscles of respiration with an extensive list* below: serratus anterior, pectoralis major and pectoralis minor, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, iliocostalis, quadratus lumborum,

serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior, levatores costarum, transversus thoracis and subclavius

*this does not need to be learnt in detail, the key point is that essentially any muscle attaching around the rib cage can have an effect on respiration.

35
Q

What is the function of external intercoastal muscles?

A

Being one of the accessory respiratory muscles, the external intercostals elevate ribs during forced inspiration. This increases the transverse and anteroposterior diameter of the lungs, which in turn decreases the intrapleural pressure. This process expands the lungs and facilitates the entry of air into them.

36
Q

What is the function of internal intercoastal muscles?

A

nternal intercostal muscles are the accessory respiratory muscles. Together with innermost intercostals, they enable forced expiration by depressing the ribs, thus shrinking the diameter of the thoracic cavity and pushing the air out of the lungs.

37
Q

What is the function of innermost intercostal muscle?

A

The functions of the innermost intercostals are similar to those of internal intercostals; they assist breathing by depressing the ribs and support the integrity of the thoracic cage.

38
Q

External intercostal for ______, internal and innermost intercostals for _______

A

External intercostal for inspiration, internal and innermost intercostals for expiration

39
Q

What is a flail chest?

A

Flail chest is a condition which is characterised by paradoxical thoracic cage movements.

40
Q

What causes flial chest

A

It requires a specific set of injuries, which usually occur during trauma: fracture of at least 2 consecutive ribs in at least 2 places, e.g. diagram (right). This creates a free section of the thoracic cage which is not articulating with the sternum or vertebral column.

41
Q

How would you expect the thoracic cage to move during inspiration?

A

Up and out as a result of increasing the anteroposterior, superoinferior and transverse dimensions. Muscle contraction from primary and accessory respiratory muscles are the cause

42
Q

How would you expect the thoracic cage to move during expiration?

A

Down and in as a result of decreasing the anteroposterior, superoinferior and transverse dimensions. Muscle relaxation, elastic recoil and internal/innermost intercostal mm. contraction are the cause

43
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A
44
Q

What structures are most likely to be affected by the presence of a cervical rib?

A

Subclavian vessels and brachial plexus

45
Q

Subclavian vessels and brachial plexus can affected by the presence of a cervical rib

What condition might this lead to?

A

Thoracic outlet syndrome – Arterial, venous or neurogenic (this is the most common)

46
Q
A

Year 2 (33 decks)

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