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ESA3 > Resp 1 - Overview and anatomy > Flashcards

Resp 1 - Overview and anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall name for the airways where gas exchange DOESN’T take place?

A

Conducting airways

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2
Q

What is the overall name for the airways where gas exchange takes place?

A

Respiratory airways

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3
Q

Name the smallest airway which is a ‘conducting’ airway:

A

Terminal bronchiole

conducting = no gas exchange

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4
Q

Name the largest airway which is a ‘respiratory’ airway:

A

Respiratory bronchiole

respiratory = gas exchange takes place

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5
Q

What is the cumulative surface area of all the alveoli in the lungs?

A

~ 70 m^2

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6
Q

What brain center controls inspiration and expiration, and where is it located?

A

Respiratory center

Medulla

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7
Q

Where is the respiratory system of the brain?

A

Medulla

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8
Q

Describe inspiration:

A
  • Resp. center sends impulses to inspiratory muscles (ext. intercostals + diaphragm)
  • Inspiratory muscles contract = chest expands
  • Volume of lungs increases = pressure decreases
  • When alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric, air rushes into lungs
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9
Q

Describe expiration:

A
  • Resp. center stops sending impulses to inspiratory muscles (external intercostals + diaphragm)
  • Inspiratory muscles relax = chest volume decreases = pressure increases
  • When alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric, air flows out of lungs
    FORCED = Contraction of Internal Intercostals + Abdominal muscles decrease chest volume further
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10
Q

What is Boyles law?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

- for a fixed quantity of gas, at a constant temperature

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11
Q

Define the ‘partial pressure’ of a gas:

A

Individual pressure exerted by a gas in a gas mixture

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12
Q

Define the ‘partial pressure’ of a gas in liquid:

A

The pressure exerted by a gas within a liquid (due to collision between the dissolved gas molecules)

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13
Q

How do you calculate the ‘content’ of gas in a liquid?

A

Solubility coefficient of the gas x partial pressure it is exposed to

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14
Q

What are the units of a solubility coefficient?

A

mmol/L/kPa

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15
Q

Define saturated water vapour:

A

The pressure exerted by a gas mixture saturated with water vapour

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16
Q

How do you calculate the partial pressure of a gas?

A

Atmospheric pressure x % gas in the atmosphere

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17
Q

Calculate the pO2 of dry air:

where 20.9% of dry air is O2

A

101 kPa x 0.209 = 21.1 kPa

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18
Q

As altitude increases, what happens to atmospheric pressure?

A

Atmospheric pressure decreases

19
Q

What is the SVP of H2O @ 37’?

A

6.28 kPa

20
Q

Calculate the pO2 of humidified air:

where 20.9% of dry air is O2

A

(Atmospheric pressure - SVP) x % gas in atmosphere

(101 - 6.28) x 0.209 = 19.8 kPa

21
Q

How do you calculate the content of a gas in plasma?

A

Solubility coefficient x Pgas

22
Q

How do the solubility coefficients of O2 and CO2 differ?

A

CO2 is 23x O2, as CO2 dissolves 23x faster than O2.

23
Q

What structures make up the URT?

A
  • Nose
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
24
Q

What is the boundary between the URT and LRT?

A

Lower border of Cricoid cartilage (where larynx becomes trachea)

25
Q

What prevents the nasal cavity from overdrying?

A

Venous plexuses swell every 20-30 mins, alternating airflow from side-to-side

26
Q

Name the borders of the nasal cavity

A

Roof = Cribriform plate
Floor = Hard + Soft palates
Lateral walls = Contain conchae and meatuses
Medial wall = Nasal septum

27
Q

List the functions of the conchae in the nasal cavity:

A
  • Slow air flow

- Increase surface area (for filtration, warming and humidifying air)

28
Q

What part of the nasal cavity transmits olfactory nerve fibres?

A

Cribriform plate

Upper posterior nasal cavity roof

29
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts drain?

A

Superior/Middle/Inferior meatuses in nasal cavity

30
Q

Name the paranasal sinuses:

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Maxillary
  • Sphenoid
31
Q

How many paranasal sinuses do we have?

A

8

4 paired sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid)

32
Q

List the functions of the nasal cavity:

A
  • Filter, humidify, and warm air
  • Smell
  • Drain paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
33
Q

What type of epithelial cells is found within the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

34
Q

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx:

A

1) Naso-pharynx
2) Oro-pharynx
3) Laryngo-pharynx

35
Q

Name the tube which connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear:

A

Eustachian tube

36
Q

Name the region of the URT which connects the pharynx to the trachea:

A

Larynx

37
Q

Name the 5 cartilages which support the larynx:

A

1) Thyroid cartilage
2) Cricoid cartilage
3) Epiglottis
4) Paired Arytenoid cartilages

38
Q

What are the main functions of the epiglottis?

A
  • Phonation
  • Guards air passage
  • Allows cough reflex
39
Q

Why must the glottis be able to close to allow the cough reflex?

A

The glottis must close to allow increase in intrathoracic pressure, for early part of cough reflex

40
Q

What are the symptoms of injury to a recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A
  • Hoarse voice
  • Aspiration
  • Dysphagia
41
Q

How does recurrent laryngeal nerve injury cause a hoarse voice?

A

Cause paralysis of ipsilateral vocal cord

42
Q

What are the causes of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve injury?

A
  • Tumour
  • Compression
  • Trauma
  • Burn
43
Q

If one of the recurrent laryngeal nerves is injured, will the ipsilateral or contralateral vocal cord be affected?

A

Ipsilateral (same side)

44
Q

Which recurrent laryngeal nerve can be injured in the thorax (ie by lung tumour)? Why?

A

Left RLN
During heart ‘descent’, LRLN becomes hooked around the ductus arteriosus, while the RRLN becomes hooked around the Right Subclavian artery.
= RRLN not present in thorax

ESA3 (48 decks)

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